窗子許里面人看出去,同時(shí)也許外面人看進(jìn)來,所以在熱鬧地方住的人要用窗簾子,替他們私生活做個(gè)保障。晚上訪人,只要看窗里有無燈光,就約略可以清楚主人在不在家,不必打開了門再問,好比不等人開口,從眼睛里看出他的心思。關(guān)窗的作用等于閉眼。天地間有許多景象是要閉了眼才看得見的,譬如夢。假使窗外的人聲物態(tài)太嘈雜了,關(guān)了窗好讓靈魂自由地去探勝,安靜地默想。有時(shí),關(guān)窗和閉眼也有連帶關(guān)系,你覺得窗外的世界不過爾爾,并不能給予你什么滿足,你想回到故鄉(xiāng),你要看見跟你分離的親友,你只有睡覺,閉了眼向夢里尋去,于是你起來先關(guān)了窗。因?yàn)橹皇谴禾欤€留著殘冷,窗子也不能整天整夜不關(guān)的。
背景介紹
《窗》是錢鐘書(1910~1998)散文集《寫在人生邊上》中的一篇著名散文,這篇散文說的是窗子,但是其用意絕不僅僅是說說窗子而已,而是以窗子來比喻生活、比喻人生。從語言上看,《窗》延續(xù)了錢派的一貫手法,用詞平實(shí)、普通,沒有長句,沒有什么復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu),非常從容地?cái)⑹?、說理,卻又緊緊地扣住了主題。這樣的特點(diǎn)對翻譯構(gòu)成的難度不言而喻,翻譯中應(yīng)當(dāng)時(shí)時(shí)充分考慮上述特點(diǎn),盡量在譯文中體現(xiàn)出來。
難點(diǎn)解析
1. “窗子許里面人看出去 ,同時(shí)也許外面人看進(jìn)來,所以在熱鬧地方住的人要用窗簾子 ,替他們私生活做個(gè)保障。” 此處 , “外面人”可以說outsider ,但是 “里面人” 卻不能用insider ,因?yàn)檫@個(gè)詞是 “內(nèi)部的人”、 “知情的人”的意思 ,可以采用意譯法,譯為those who are inside 。draw the curtain :拉上簾子 , “拉開簾子”是open the curtain。全句譯為:“A window likewise allows those who are inside to see outside, and also allows outsiders to see inside. That is why those who live in bustling areas need to draw their curtains to protect their privacy.”。
2. “晚上訪人 ,只要看窗里有無燈光 ,就約略可以清楚主人在不在家 ,不必打開了門再問……” ,此處應(yīng)注意英語語序 。先說的是主要的意思there’s no need to wait until the door is opened (不必打開了門再 問 ),然后才說其他 。
3. “關(guān)窗的作用等于閉眼。” “作用”是說效果 ,不能譯成role或 function 。works: “發(fā)生作用”。用shutting 這個(gè)詞是因?yàn)楹竺嬉胏losing ,這樣就避免了用詞重復(fù)。全句譯為 : “Shutting a window works in the same way as closing one’s eyes.”。
4. “天地間有許多景象是要閉了眼才看得見的,譬如夢。” 中文說 “天地間有……” , 英文沒有必要說between heaven and earth 。只需譯成 “there be”結(jié)構(gòu)即可。 “……是要……”是強(qiáng)調(diào)的說法 ,所以英文用only with...來加強(qiáng)語氣 。全句可譯為 : “There are many things that can be seen only with the eyes closed. Dreams, for instance.”。
5. “假使窗外 的人聲物態(tài)太嘈雜了” : “窗外”不必譯成 outside of the window ,因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在說的全都是窗里窗外的事,outside 的意思不言自明。“人聲物態(tài)太嘈雜”可以用 noise 和excitement ,這里的excitement 不是 “激動”的意思 ,而是指各種各樣讓人興奮或不興奮的活動 ,人們吵吵嚷嚷做的各種事情。“物態(tài)”則是指窗外的各種景致、事物,原文的“人”和 “物”由noise 和 excitement 代表或隱含了,而英文中noise 一詞本來也有形容顏色過艷 的用法 。
6. “關(guān) 了窗好讓靈魂自由地去探勝 ,安靜地默想 。” “探勝”和 “默想”這兩個(gè)動詞在英文里都轉(zhuǎn)換成 了名詞exploration 和contemplation ,這樣處理的理 由之一是按照英文的特點(diǎn) ,不需用那么多的動詞 ;如果用 了動詞explore 和contemplate ,那么這兩個(gè)詞后面都需要加上賓語 ,加賓語一來頗費(fèi)思量 ,不知道該加什么賓語好 ,二來原文沒有賓語就等于沒有限制 ,任何事物都可以包含在這個(gè)范圍里 ,加上賓語就縮小了原文意思上所包含的范圍,從翻譯上講就不等值了。全句譯為 : “If outside there is too much noise and excitement, closing the window will make it easier for the soul to engage in free exploration and quiet contemplation.”。
7. “因?yàn)橹皇谴禾?,還留著殘冷 ,窗子也不能整天整夜不關(guān)的。” 翻譯這句時(shí)需要把語序顛倒一下,先說結(jié)果,后說原因。原文說 “整天整夜”是為了強(qiáng)調(diào) “不關(guān)”的連續(xù)性 ,所以譯文為all day and all night long ,不輕描淡寫地僅僅用day and night ,盡量做到語義上的對等。中文說 “不關(guān) ” ,但英文不能用not closed表示 ,所以譯成left open 。 “殘冷”可以理解為“仍然寒冷”,譯為still cold 。全句譯為:“But the windows still cannot be left open all day and all night long, since it is still spring, and still cold.”。
參考譯文
A window likewise allows those who are inside to see outside, and also allows outsiders to see inside. That is why those who live in bustling areas need to draw their curtains to protect their privacy. When visiting friends at night, there’s no need to wait until the door is opened to ask if they ’re at home. You only have to look at the windows to work out if they are there. Similarly, you don ’t need to wait for a man to open his mouth to work out what ’s on his mind—you can see that from his eyes. Shutting a window works in the same way as closing one’s eyes. There are many things that can be seen only with the eyes closed. Dreams, for instance.
If outside there is too much noise and excitement, closing the window will make it easier for the soul to engage in free exploration and quiet contemplation. Sometimes closing the eyes is connected to shutting the windows: when you feel that the world outside is so commonplace and unrewarding that you want to go back to your hometown and see relatives and friends from whom you have been long parted, all you have to do is shut the windows before you go to sleep, and close your eyes before you dream. But the windows still cannot be left open all day and all night long, since it is still spring, and still cold.
新浪網(wǎng)北京外國語大學(xué)申雨平教授譯
(責(zé)任編輯:liushengbao)