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本課主要語法點(diǎn):動(dòng)詞不定式
在句子中,不能作謂語,而是擔(dān)任其他語法功能的動(dòng)詞,叫做非謂語動(dòng)詞。非謂語動(dòng)詞包括動(dòng)詞不定式,分詞和動(dòng)名詞。
1.不定式的語法功能:不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征,因此他在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、賓補(bǔ)、定語和狀語。
1)作主語
如:To speak English well is not an easy job.說好英語不是一件容易的事情。
動(dòng)詞不定式作主語時(shí),為了保持句子的平衡,往往用it作形式主語,而把不定式短語放在謂語動(dòng)詞之后。
如:It is important to master English grammar.掌握英語的語法是重要的。
2)作表語
如:Our plan is to set up another middle school for the children.我們的計(jì)劃是為孩子們?cè)俳ㄒ凰鶎W(xué)校。
His ambition is to become a successful scientist.他的抱負(fù)是要成為一名成功的科學(xué)家。
3)作賓語
如:They decided to change their mind. 他們決定改變主意。
I can''t afford to live in a detached house.我住不起獨(dú)門獨(dú)院的房子。
注:a)不定式短語作賓語時(shí),如果還有賓語補(bǔ)足語,往往把不定式短語放在賓語補(bǔ)足語后面,而用it作形式賓語。
如:I find it interesting to study English.我覺得學(xué)英語很有趣。
b)動(dòng)詞不定式也可以作某些形容詞短語的賓語。這些形容詞有:ready, eager, anxious, able, sure, glad, afraid, pleased等。
如:They are anxious to learn how to swim.他們渴望學(xué)會(huì)游泳。
c)動(dòng)詞不定式一般不作介詞的賓語,但是不定式之前如有疑問詞,就可以作介詞的賓語。
如:Professor Wang gave some advice on how to learn a foreign language.王教授給了一些如何學(xué)習(xí)外語的建議。
d) 有些動(dòng)詞可以跟疑問詞+不定式作賓語
如:I don''t know what to do next.我不知道下一步該做什么。
4)作賓語補(bǔ)足語
動(dòng)詞不定式可用作復(fù)合賓語中的賓語補(bǔ)足語。
如:My English teacher advised me to buy a better dictionary. 我的英語老師建議我買一本好的詞典。
注:在feel, hear, listen to, look at, observe, see, watch, make, have, let等動(dòng)詞后面,復(fù)合賓語中動(dòng)詞不定式的標(biāo)記to通常被省略。動(dòng)詞help后面的to可以省略也可以保留。
如:I saw her enter the cinema.我看見她進(jìn)了電影院。
We must have someone repair the computer.我們必須讓人來修這臺(tái)電腦。
He helps the little girl (to) finish her homework everyday.他每天都幫助這個(gè)小女孩完成她的家庭作業(yè)。
5)作定語
動(dòng)詞不定式作定語放在所修飾的名詞或代詞之后。
如:Her desire to win was apparent.她的求勝愿望顯而易見。
She was the only one to get a scholarship.她是唯一得到獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金的人。
注:a)作定語的不定式如果是不及物動(dòng)詞,或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的地點(diǎn)、工具, 不定式后面須加相應(yīng)的介詞。
如:She is looking for a room to live in.她在尋找一間房子住。(live是不及物動(dòng)詞,后面加相應(yīng)的介詞)
I need a pen to write with.我需要一支筆寫字。(pen是write動(dòng)作的工具,在write后面加介詞)
但是如果不定式修飾的名詞是time, place或way, 不定式后面的介詞習(xí)慣上省去。
如:He had no place to live.他沒有居住的地方。
That''s no way to talk.不應(yīng)這樣談話。
b)在there+be這一句型中,動(dòng)詞不定式作定語時(shí)可能出現(xiàn)動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)式,其含義和主動(dòng)式基本相同。
如:There are many books to read/ to be read.有好多書要讀。
但是當(dāng)說話人考慮的是必須有人去完成某件事情時(shí),不定式用主動(dòng)形式,如果說話人強(qiáng)調(diào)的是事情本身必須完成,則用被動(dòng)式。
如:There''s nothing to do.意為無事可做,感到無聊。
There''s nothing to be done.意為某東西壞了,無法使之恢復(fù)正常。
c)被only, last, next,序數(shù)詞,最高級(jí)修飾的名詞常用不定式作定語。
如:The next train to arrive is from New York.下一列到達(dá)的火車是從紐約開來的。
Clint was the only person to survive the air crash. Clint 是這次空難事故中唯一的幸存者。
6)作狀語
a)動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語:
如:He went to America to learn English.他去美國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)英語。
為了強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)詞不定式所表示的目的時(shí),動(dòng)詞不定式可以用in order to或so as to.
如:She reads China Daily every day in order to/so as to improve her English.她每天讀《中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)》提高她的英語水平。
in order to 為于句首或句中均可,so as to不能為于句首。
b)動(dòng)詞不定式作結(jié)果狀語:
不定式作結(jié)果狀語時(shí),往往僅限于幾個(gè)具有終止含義的動(dòng)詞,learn(得知),find(發(fā)現(xiàn)),see(看見),hear(聽見)等。
如:He retuned home to learn his son had gone to the countryside.他回家后才知道他的兒子已去了鄉(xiāng)下。
不定式用在too…to和enough結(jié)構(gòu)中表示結(jié)果
如:He is old enough to join the army.他夠參軍的年齡了。
He is too short to reach the top of the shelf.他太矮了,夠不著書架的頂層。
某些形容詞如:anxious, delighted, easy, kind, pleased, ready, willing 等,在too…to結(jié)構(gòu)中,沒有否定的含義,而是表示肯定。
如:He is too ready to find fault.他老是愛挑毛病。
在not, only, all, never, but等后的too…to結(jié)構(gòu),too的含義為very,不定式?jīng)]有否定含義。
如:It is never too late to learn.活到老,學(xué)到老。
動(dòng)詞不定式和only連用時(shí),表示未預(yù)料到的結(jié)果。
如:He went to the station hurriedly only to find the train had left.他匆匆地趕到車站,卻發(fā)現(xiàn)火車已經(jīng)離開了。
2.動(dòng)詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
動(dòng)詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)for+名詞或代詞賓格+動(dòng)詞不定式,在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中,for后面的名詞或代詞是不定式的邏輯主語。
如:It is necessary for us to learn from each other.我們必須互相學(xué)習(xí)。(不定式作主語)
What we want is for you to understand the matter clearly.我們所希望的是你更清楚地了解這件事。(不定式作表語)
We consider it necessary for him to do the job alone.我們認(rèn)為很有必要他獨(dú)自做那項(xiàng)工作。(不定式作賓語)
There is a lot work for us to do.有很多工作要我們?nèi)プ觥?不定式作定語)
The text is too long for us to learn by heart.課文太長(zhǎng),我們背不下來。(不定式作狀語)
注:有些表示人或事物性質(zhì)、特征的形容詞的不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)是of+名詞或代詞賓格+動(dòng)詞不定式
如: It is very kind of you to help him every day.每天幫助他,你真好。
It is brave of you to do that.你那樣做真勇敢。
3.疑問詞what, who, which, when, where, how和連接詞whether之后,可以跟帶to的不定式,構(gòu)成一個(gè)特殊的動(dòng)詞不定式短語,可以在句中作主語,賓語和表語。
如:How to solve the problem is very important.如何解決這個(gè)問題是很重要的。(主語)
He didn''t know what to say. 他不知道該怎么說。(賓語)
The question is where to find the source of water.問題是在什么地方能找到水源。(表語)
4.不帶to的不定式
1)在feel, hear, listen to, look at, notice, observe, see, watch, let, have等動(dòng)詞后面,動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語,動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)to通常省略。
2)在would rather…than, would sooner…than, rather than, had better等結(jié)構(gòu)中
如:I would rather go than stay.我寧愿走不愿意留下。
He insisted on going back to his work rather than stay in hospital.他堅(jiān)持要返回到工作崗位,而不再住院。
3)在以why引導(dǎo)的疑問句中不帶to。
如:Why spend such a lot of money? 為什么花那么多錢?
4)在cannot but, cannot choose, cannot help but之后的不定式不帶to.
如:I cannot but admire his courage. 我不得不欽佩他的勇氣。
5) 不定式動(dòng)詞在介詞but, except, besides后面時(shí),如果這些介詞之前有行為動(dòng)詞do的各種形式,那么,這些介詞后面的不定式不帶to, 否則要帶to。
如:The boy would do nothing but cry.這個(gè)男孩只是哭。
I have no choice but to accept the fact.除了接受這個(gè)事實(shí)之外,我別無選擇。
6)某些習(xí)語中,如:make believe(假裝),let go (放開,釋放),hear say(據(jù)說),go hang (
忘卻)等。
如:The children are making believe that they are princes and princesses.孩子假裝他們是王子和公主。
7)兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式由and, or 或than連接在一起,為了避免重復(fù),第二個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式可以省去。
如:I''d like to lie down and go to sleep.我想躺下睡覺。
但是如果是兩者的對(duì)照,后面的不定式不省to.
如:It is better to laugh than to cry. 笑比哭好。
第二部分 鞏固練習(xí)
用括號(hào)中動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空
1.The boy was made ___________ (sing) the song once again.
填to sing. 在make后面,不定式作主語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)應(yīng)該加上不定式符號(hào)to
2.Don''t make children _________ (work) too hard.
填work. make后面的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的時(shí)候,省略不定式符號(hào)to
3.They would rather _____ (die) than _________ (surrender).
填 die, surrender。would rather 后面不用to
4.He could not choose but ___________ (love) her.
填love. could not choose but后面之后的不定式不帶to
5.She could do nothing but _________ (change ) her name under the circumstances.
填change. 不定式動(dòng)詞在介詞but后面時(shí),如果這些介詞之前有行為動(dòng)詞do的各種形式,那么,這些介詞后面的不定式不帶to, 否則要帶to
6.He had his son _________ (play)the violin three hours a day.
填play. have 后面的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語,要省略to
7.There was nothing to do except _________ (escape).
填escape. 不定式動(dòng)詞在介詞except后面時(shí),如果這些介詞之前有行為動(dòng)詞do的各種形式,那么,這些介詞后面的不定式不帶to, 否則要帶to
8.He has not alternative but ________ (go ) and ask his sister for help.
填 to go. 不定式動(dòng)詞在介詞but后面時(shí),如果這些介詞之前有行為動(dòng)詞do的各種形式,那么,這些介詞后面的不定式不帶to, 否則要帶to
9.What can you see in the park?
I can see birds ________ (fly ) in the sky and sometimes I can see people _______ (do) shadowboxing.
填 fly/ do 感官動(dòng)詞see后面的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的時(shí)候,省略to
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