本課主要詞組

1.make up

2.be familiar with

3.learn from

4.belong to

5.at large

6.on the other hand

7.be knows to

8.acquaintance with

9.in a style

10.be of importance

11.in the first case

12.in the latter (case)

13.in print

14.apply to

15.come up

16.as to

17.as a whole

18.due to

19.rather than

Text B how should you build up your vocabulary?

短語表達(dá)

1.build up (建立;增強(qiáng);增加)

2.come across (穿過，出現(xiàn);遇到)

We are bound to come across difficulties， but we are determined to overcome them.

3.look up (查閱)

4.at top speed (以最高速度)

5.depend on (依靠;取決于)

6.make sense (有意義、講得通)

7.try doing sth(嘗試做某事)

8.come up with (提出，想出;提供)

9.lead to(導(dǎo)致)

10.after all (畢竟)

11.provide with (提供)

12.begin with (以……開始)本課重點掌握的語法： 分詞

分詞是一種非限定動詞，它兼有動詞、形容詞和副詞的特征。在句中可以擔(dān)任定語、表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語和狀語。分詞可以分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。

1.現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別

語態(tài)上不同：現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動的意思，多用以描述

事物對人的情感所具有的影響力或作用。過去分詞表示被動的意思，多用以描述人物的情感，表達(dá)外界事物對人產(chǎn)生的影響。

如：a moving film一部感動人的影片

a moved audience受感動的觀眾

時間上的關(guān)系：現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動作往往正在進(jìn)行，過去分詞所表示的動作往往已經(jīng)完成。

如：developing countries發(fā)展中國家

developed countries發(fā)達(dá)國家

boiling water正在開的水

boiled water 開水

2.分詞作定語

如果是單個分詞作定語，放在所修飾的名詞之前。

如：I am reading a very interesting novel.我正在讀一本非常有趣的小說。

如果分詞短語作定語，通常放在所修飾的名詞之后。分詞短語作定語，其作用相當(dāng)于一個定語從句。

如：Most of the young teachers working in this university are Ph.D.在這所大學(xué)工作的大多數(shù)年輕教師都是博士。

(=who work in this university)

Do you know the girl employed by this company? 你認(rèn)識受雇于這家公司的那個女孩嗎?

(=who is employed by this company)

注：動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞作定語是有區(qū)別的。動名詞作定語，和它修飾的名詞在邏輯上沒有主謂關(guān)系，即它不是該名詞發(fā)出的動作，只是表明所修飾名詞的目的和用途?，F(xiàn)在分詞作定語表示所修飾的詞與分詞有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。

如：a sleeping car= a car for sleeping臥車(動名詞)

a sleeping boy= a boy who is sleeping睡覺的男孩(分詞)

3.分詞作表語

分詞作表語相當(dāng)于形容詞，現(xiàn)在分詞多指主語的性質(zhì)，過去分詞說明主語的狀態(tài)。

如：They were completely exhausted.他們完全筋疲力盡了。

The rumors were startling. 謠言令人震驚。

注：a)分詞作表語，相當(dāng)于形容詞。不可與構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時態(tài)和被動語態(tài)中的分詞混淆起來。他們的形式是一樣的，但可以從意義上予以區(qū)別。

如：The film is moving.這電影很感人。(分詞作表語，說明主語的性質(zhì))

They are moving next Sunday.他們下周日搬家。(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時，表示動作)

The bookstore is now closed.書店現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)關(guān)閉了。(分詞作表語，說明主語所處的狀態(tài))

The bookstore is usually closed at 7:30 p.m.書店通常在下午7：30關(guān)閉。(被動語態(tài)，表示動作)

b)動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞作表語的區(qū)別：動名詞作表語說明主語的內(nèi)容，而且可以轉(zhuǎn)換到句首作主語;現(xiàn)在分詞作表語，表示主語的特征，其作用相當(dāng)于形容詞。

如：His favorite sport is running.他最喜愛的運動是跑步。(動名詞作表語)

可以轉(zhuǎn)換為：Running is his favorite sport.

The film is very moving.這部影片很感人。(分詞作表語)

4.作賓語補(bǔ)足語

分詞可以在動詞后面的復(fù)合賓語中作賓語補(bǔ)足語。常跟分詞作賓補(bǔ)的動詞有：

have, keep, get, see, hear, find, feel, make, observe, watch等等。

如：He kept the machine running for ten hours.他使機(jī)器一直運轉(zhuǎn)了十個小時。

We saw her entering the cinema.我們看見她進(jìn)了電影院。

注：a)動詞have, get后面的復(fù)合賓語中，通常由過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語，且表示的動作往往是別人完成的。

如：We must get the television set repaired.我們必須把電視機(jī)修好。(別人修的)

I had my hair cut.我理發(fā)了。(別人給我理的)

b)現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成的復(fù)合賓語與不定式構(gòu)成的復(fù)合賓語在意義上是有差別的?，F(xiàn)在分詞表示動作正在發(fā)生(即動作處于發(fā)生的過程中，還沒有結(jié)束);不定式著重說明動作的全過程，表示動作發(fā)生了(即動作全過程結(jié)束了)。

如：I saw the girl getting on the bus.我看見她在上公共汽車。

I saw the girl get on the bus. 我看見她上公共汽車了。

如果賓語補(bǔ)足語是一系列動作，要用不定式。

如：I saw him enter the room, unlock a drawer, take out a document, photograph it and put it back.我看見他進(jìn)了房間，開了一個抽屜的鎖，拿出一份文件，拍了照片，又把它放回。

5.分詞作狀語

現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，現(xiàn)在分詞的動作就是句子主語的動作，它們之間是主動關(guān)系;過去分詞作狀語，過去分詞表示的動作是句子主語承受的動作，它們之間是被動關(guān)系。分詞作狀語可以表示時間、原因、方式或伴隨情況等。

時間狀語：分詞作狀語，相當(dāng)于時間狀語從句?？稍诜衷~前面加when, while.

如：Walking along the street one day, she saw a little girl running up to her.有一天當(dāng)她正沿著大街向前走時，她看見一個女孩朝她跑了過來。

(When she was walking along the street one day)

When heated, ice will be changed into water.當(dāng)冰受熱時，它就會變成水。

(When it is heated)

原因狀語：相當(dāng)于表示原因的狀語從句

如：Having no place to go, the man wandered about in the street.由于沒有要去的地方，那個男人只好在街上徘徊。

(Because the man had no place to go)

Being ill, he didn''t go to school yesterday.他由于病了，昨天沒有去上學(xué)。

(Because he was ill)

方式、伴隨情況及結(jié)果狀語

如：She came running back to tell us the news.她跑著回來告訴我們這個消息。(方式)

The headmaster went into the lab, followed by the foreign guests.校長走進(jìn)了實驗室，后面跟著外賓。(伴隨)

Jane fell off the bike, cutting her leg.簡從自行車上摔下，劃破了腿。(結(jié)果)

條件狀語：前面可帶if, unless等從屬連詞，相當(dāng)于條件狀語從句。

如：Working hard, you will succeed.好好工作，你就會成功的。

(If you work hard)

Some metropolitan newspapers would make sizable volumes if printed in book form. 如果印成書的形式，有些大城市的報紙的銷量會相當(dāng)可觀。

(If they are printed in book form)

6. 獨立結(jié)構(gòu)

當(dāng)分詞的動作不是句子的主語發(fā)出的， 而是屬于主語以外的人或事物，這時必須在分詞前給其加一個邏輯主語，這種帶主語的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)通常稱為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)屬于作狀語，用來表示條件、原因、伴隨情況等。

如：Weather permitting, we''ll have an outing tomorrow.要是天氣許可的話，我們明天去郊游。(條件)

The night being dark, she was afraid to go there.天黑，她不敢去那。(原因)

The bell ringing, the children all stopped talking.鈴聲一響，孩子們都不說話了。(時間)

The teacher came in, his hand carrying a book.老師手中拿著書進(jìn)來了。(伴隨情況)

注：a)還有一種表示伴隨情況的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)， with+名詞或代詞賓格+分詞(或形容詞、介詞短語)

如：With everything taken into consideration, we all think this is a very good plan.每件事情都考慮到了，我們認(rèn)為這是一項不錯的計劃。

She entered the train station, with a bag in her hand.她進(jìn)了車站，手中提了一個包。

He sleeps with the window open even in winter.他即使在冬天也開著窗戶睡覺。

b) 獨立結(jié)構(gòu)中的being, having been有時可以省去。

如：The meeting (being) over, we all left the room.會議結(jié)束之后，我們都離開了房間。

Our work ( having been)finished, we went home.我們的工作完成之后，我們都回家了。

7.分詞的否定結(jié)構(gòu)

現(xiàn)在分詞的否定式由“not+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成

如：Not knowing where to go, she wanted to the police for help.她不知道該往哪走，就去請警察幫助。

過去分詞表否定，常借助un-等前綴表示。

如：The boy was left uncared for.那孩子無人照管。

8.現(xiàn)在分詞的時態(tài)

現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式 doing：現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式表示的動作與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生，或在謂語動詞表示的動詞之前或之后發(fā)生。

如：She sat there reading the text.她坐在那里讀課文。(同時發(fā)生)

Going into the room, he shut the door.走進(jìn)房子，他就關(guān)上了門。(分詞動作先于謂語發(fā)生)

現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式 having done：表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前，通常只作狀語，表示時間或原因。

如：Having finished her homework, the little girl began to watch TV.做完作業(yè)后，這小女孩開始看電視。

第二部分 鞏固練習(xí)

1.When I caught him _______ me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.

a. cheating b. cheat c. to cheat d. to be cheat

選a. 現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)表示動作正在發(fā)生

2.__________, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.

a. Other things being equal b. Were other things equal c. To be equal to other things d. Other things to be equal

選a. 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

3. All things _________ the planned trip will have to be called off.

a. considered b. be considered c. considering d. having considered

選a. 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

4. All flights __________ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.

a. had been cancelled b. have been cancelled c. were cancelled d. having been cancelled

選d. 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

5.I have heard both teachers and students _____ well of him.

a. speak b. to speak c. spoken d. to have spoken

選a. 省略to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)，表示的是動作發(fā)生了。

6.This crop has similar qualities to the previous one, __________ both wind-resistant and adapted to the same type of soil.

a. been b. to be c being d. having been

選c.現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語

7.The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience_______ on benches, chairs or boxes.

a. having seated b. seating c. having been seated d. seated

選d. seat只能用過去分詞的形式表示使就坐。

8.You will see this product ______ wherever you go.

a. to be advertised b. advertised c. advertise d. advertising

選b.過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)

9.He wasn''t appointed chairman of the committee, ________ not very popular with all its members.

a. to be considered b. considering c. being considered d. having considered

選c.分詞短語作狀語

10.Professor Wang, __________ for his informative lectures, was warmly received by his students.

a. knowing b. known c. to be known d having known

選b. 過去分詞作定語

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