本課主要語(yǔ)法：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)兩種，當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);當(dāng)主語(yǔ)時(shí)動(dòng)作的承受者，動(dòng)詞要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。只有及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

1. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成：

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“be+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。

如：I clean the window.(主動(dòng))

The window is cleaned by me.(被動(dòng))

根據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)的不同，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的be動(dòng)詞可以有各種變化：

時(shí)態(tài) 主動(dòng)句 被動(dòng)句 be 的變化

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) He cleans the window. The window is cleaned by him. is

一般過(guò)去時(shí) He cleaned the window. The window was cleaned by him. was

一般將來(lái)時(shí) He will clean the window. The window will be cleaned by him. will be

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) He is cleaning the window. The window is being cleaned by him. is being

過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) He was cleaning the window. The window was being cleaned by him. was being

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) He has cleaned the window. The window has been cleaned by him. has been

過(guò)去完成時(shí) He had cleaned the window. The window had been cleaned by him. had been

將來(lái)完成時(shí) He will have cleaned the window. The window will have been cleaned by him. will have been

進(jìn)行時(shí)較少用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

2.一些特殊形式被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成：

1)不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，有以下幾種情況：

a).表示喜歡、希望、想要及與其相似意義的動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式，由不定式的被動(dòng)式構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：He wants someone to take photographs. 他想找個(gè)人來(lái)照些相。(主動(dòng))

He wants photographs to be taken. 他想找個(gè)人來(lái)照些相。(被動(dòng))

b) 表示命令、請(qǐng)求、勸告、邀請(qǐng)的動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+不定式，可以用主要?jiǎng)釉~的被動(dòng)式構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：He invited me to go.他邀請(qǐng)我去。(主動(dòng))

I was invited to go.我被邀請(qǐng)去。(被動(dòng))

但是，如果是advise/beg/order/recommend/urge+間接賓語(yǔ)+不定式+賓語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)，則可以用兩種被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。一種是如上述將主要?jiǎng)釉~變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)?；蛘哂谩癮dvise等動(dòng)詞+that…should+被動(dòng)式” 構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

如：He urged the Council to reduce the rates.他敦請(qǐng)市議會(huì)減輕捐稅。(主動(dòng))

The Council was urged to reduce the rates.市議會(huì)被敦請(qǐng)減輕捐稅。(被動(dòng))

He urged that the rates should be reduced.他敦請(qǐng)市議會(huì)減輕捐稅。(被動(dòng))

在句子中，動(dòng)詞后面直接是不定式作賓語(yǔ)，沒(méi)有間接賓語(yǔ)，所以被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)只有一種形式，即用that …should結(jié)構(gòu)表示被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

He decided to sell the house.他決定把房子賣了。(主動(dòng))

He decided that the house should be sold.他決定，房子必須得賣掉。(被動(dòng))

2)動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：

如是advise/insist/propose/recommend/suggest+動(dòng)名詞+賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，通常用that…should結(jié)構(gòu)表示被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

如：He recommended using bullet-proof glass.他建議用防彈玻璃。(主動(dòng))

He recommended that bullet-proof glass should be used.他建議應(yīng)該使用防彈玻璃。(被動(dòng))

其它動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式來(lái)表示：

如： I remember them taking me to the Zoo.我記得他們?cè)?jīng)帶我去過(guò)動(dòng)物園。(主動(dòng))

I remember being taken to the Zoo.我記的被帶到動(dòng)物園去過(guò)。(被動(dòng))

3)含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：

含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過(guò)去分詞。

如：You must shut these doors.你必須把這些門關(guān)上。(主動(dòng))

These doors must be shut.這些門必須關(guān)上。(被動(dòng))

You should have told him.你本應(yīng)該告訴他。(主動(dòng))

He should have been told.本應(yīng)該告訴他才是。(被動(dòng))

4)帶有直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)的句子，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)候，只把一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，另外一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)保留在動(dòng)詞后面，這種句子可以有兩個(gè)被動(dòng)句。

如：His teacher gave him a book.他的老師給了他一本書。(主動(dòng))

A book was given to him by his teacher.(被動(dòng))

He was given a book by his teacher. (被動(dòng))

Someone gave her a dog.有人送給她一只狗。(主動(dòng))

A dog was given to her. (被動(dòng))

She was given a dog. (被動(dòng))

兩種被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，第二種形式比第一種形式更為常用，即應(yīng)該把間接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)。

5)含有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句時(shí)，將賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，賓補(bǔ)仍保留在動(dòng)詞之后，成為主補(bǔ)。

如：We call him Xiao Wang.我們叫他小王。(主動(dòng))

He was called Xiao Wang.他被叫小王。(被動(dòng))

We asked the teacher to explain the sentence again.我們要求老師把這個(gè)句子再解釋一次。(主動(dòng))

The teacher was asked to explain the sentence again.老師被要求把這個(gè)句子再解釋一次。(被動(dòng))

注：make, hear, watch, see, feel, let, have等動(dòng)詞在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，其后作賓補(bǔ)的不定式一般不帶to，但當(dāng)用于被動(dòng)句時(shí)，后面作賓補(bǔ)的不定式必須帶有to。

如：She saw a man go into the room.她看見(jiàn)一個(gè)男人走進(jìn)屋里。(主動(dòng))

A man was seen to go into the room.一個(gè)男人被看到走進(jìn)屋里去了。(被動(dòng))

His mother made him do his homework again.他媽媽讓他把作業(yè)重寫一次。(主動(dòng))

He was made to do his homework again by his mother.他被媽媽要求把作業(yè)重寫一次。(被動(dòng))

6)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

動(dòng)詞+介詞

如：They have talked about this matter recently.他們近來(lái)一直在談?wù)撨@件事情。(主動(dòng))

This matter has been talked about recently.這件事情近來(lái)一直被談?wù)撝?被動(dòng))

動(dòng)詞+副詞

如：They put off the sports meeting.他們把運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)推遲了。(主動(dòng))

The sports meeting was put off.運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)被推遲了。(被動(dòng))

7)get+過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

get+過(guò)去分詞也可以構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，用這種結(jié)構(gòu)的句子側(cè)重于動(dòng)作的結(jié)果而不是動(dòng)作本身。

如：The man got hurt on his way home.那個(gè)男子在回家的路上受傷了。

Mary is going to get married.瑪麗準(zhǔn)備結(jié)婚。

3.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法：

1)動(dòng)作的施動(dòng)者很明顯，沒(méi)有必要提到時(shí)：

如：The rubbish hasn''t been collected.垃圾沒(méi)有清走。

Your hand will be X-rayed.你的手要照X片。

2)不知道、不確切知道或忘記了誰(shuí)是施動(dòng)者。

如：The minister was murdered.部長(zhǎng)被謀殺了。

You will be met at the station.有人會(huì)到車站去接你。

3)使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)可以避免說(shuō)出別扭的句子。

如：When he arrived home a detective arrested him.他回到家時(shí)，一名偵探逮捕了他。(主動(dòng))

此句最好表示為：

When he arrived home he was arrested by a detective.他回到家里就被一名偵探逮捕了。(被動(dòng))變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)后，可以避免改換主語(yǔ)。

4) 主動(dòng)句中主語(yǔ)是不定代詞one，通常可以表示為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

如：One sees this sort of advertisement everywhere.這樣的廣告到處可見(jiàn)。(主動(dòng))

This sort of advertisement is seen everywhere. 這樣的廣告到處可見(jiàn)。(被動(dòng))

5)當(dāng)動(dòng)作的實(shí)施者即主動(dòng)句中的主語(yǔ)是泛指人們時(shí)：這樣的動(dòng)詞有：assume, believe, claim, consider, estimate, find, know, report, say, think等，通?？梢员硎緸楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

如：People believe him to be honest.人們相信他是誠(chéng)實(shí)的。

He is believed to be honest.相信他是誠(chéng)實(shí)的。

6)新聞報(bào)道，書刊介紹等文體中，突出描述的客觀性。

如：Three people have so far been killed in the storms sweeping across the north of England and Southern Scotland.在席卷英格蘭北部和蘇格蘭南部的暴風(fēng)雨中，三人喪生。

4.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別：

英語(yǔ)中有些“be+過(guò)去分詞”的形式可以表示被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)也可以作系表結(jié)構(gòu)。如果表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作，則是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);如果表示狀態(tài)，則是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。表示被動(dòng)時(shí)，常伴有by短語(yǔ);表示狀態(tài)時(shí)多用其他介詞短語(yǔ)(in, at, with等)

如：The novel is well written.這個(gè)小說(shuō)寫得很好。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))

The novel is written by a woman.這個(gè)小說(shuō)是一位婦女寫的。(被動(dòng))

The man was offended. 那個(gè)人很生氣。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))

The man was offended by the woman.那個(gè)男人被那個(gè)女人激怒了。(被動(dòng))

5.主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義：

當(dāng)句子中出現(xiàn)easy , hard , difficult 等詞修飾時(shí)，我們用主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)

如 I found the poem hard to understand .

2001年第25小題：

They found the lecture hard --------

A to be understood B to understand C for understanding D to have been understood

答案是B

第二部分：鞏固練習(xí)

把下列句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句：

1.He suggested using the waterproof material.

He suggested that the waterproof material should be used.

2. He advised us to go to school earlier.

We are advised to go to school earlier.

3.The waiter recommended us to order the seafood.

We were recommended to order the seafood.

The waiter recommended that the seafood should be ordered.

4.We often hear him sing in the next room.

He is often heard to sing in the next room.

5.You needn''t return the book now.

The book needn''t be returned now.

6. They will send you a bill at the end of the month.

You will be sent a bill at the end of the month.

A bill will be sent to you at the end of the month.

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