不定式
　　形式

　　完成式: 不定式的一般形式所表示的動(dòng)作, 通常與主要謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))同時(shí)(或幾乎同時(shí))發(fā)生, 或是在它之后發(fā)生. 假如不定式所表示的動(dòng)作, 在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))之前發(fā)生, 就要用不定式的完成式.
　　I am glad to have seen your mother (= I am glad I have seen your mother).
　　(比較: I am glad to see you.)
　　He is said to have written a new book about workers.
　　He pretended not to have seen me.
　　進(jìn)行式: 如果主要謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))發(fā)生時(shí), 不定式表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行, 這時(shí)要用不定式的進(jìn)行式.
　　You are not supposed to be working. You haven’t quite recovered yet.
　　We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here.
　　He pretended to be listening attentively.
　　完成進(jìn)行式: 在謂語(yǔ)所表示的時(shí)間之前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作, 就要用不定式的完成進(jìn)行式.
　　The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.
　　We are happy to have been working with you.
　　被動(dòng)式: 當(dāng)不定式的邏輯上的主語(yǔ)是不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí), 不定式一般要用被動(dòng)形式.
　　It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.
　　She hated to be flattered.
　　He wanted the letter to be typed at once.
　　This is bound to be found out.
　　There are a lot of things to be done.
　　She was too young to be assigned such work.
　　功用: 不定式可以作主語(yǔ) (a), 賓語(yǔ) (b), 表語(yǔ) (c), 定語(yǔ) (d) 或是狀語(yǔ) (e).
　　a. To scold her would not be just.
　　b. We are planning to build a reservoir here.
　　c. One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.
　　d. Do you have anything to declare?
　　e. We have come to learn from you.
　　不帶to 的不定式:
　　在“動(dòng)詞+ 賓語(yǔ)+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中, 如果動(dòng)詞是表示感覺(jué)意義的see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice等, 或是表示“致使”意義的 have, make, let等, 其后的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)不帶to.
　　John made her tell him everything.
　　這類結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí), 后面的不帶to 的不定式一般還原為帶to 的不定式.
　　She was made to tell him everything.
　　在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but 等搭配之后, 動(dòng)詞不定式也不帶to.
　　I’d rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.
　　They cannot but accept his term.
　　在make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say, hear tell, leave go of等固定搭配中, 用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式.
　　John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.
　　I’ve heard tell of him.
　　在動(dòng)詞help(或help +賓語(yǔ))之后可用不帶to的不定式, 也可用帶to的不定式.
　　Can I help (to) lift this heavy box?
　　在介詞except, but 之后, 如果其前有動(dòng)詞do的某種形式, 不定式一般不帶to, 反之帶to.
　　There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.
　　Smith will do anything but work on a farm.
　　There’s no choice but to wait till it stops raining.
　　連詞 rather than, sooner than 置于句首時(shí), 其后的不定式不帶to.
　　Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up.
　　出現(xiàn)在句中其他位置時(shí), 其后的不定式有時(shí)帶to, 有時(shí)不帶to.
　　He decided to write rather than telephone.
　　The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.
　　用作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式, 如果主語(yǔ)是由“all + 關(guān)系分句”，“thing +關(guān)系分句”，“what分句”或“thing +不定式結(jié)構(gòu)”等構(gòu)成，并帶有do的某種形式，這時(shí)，作為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.
　　What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing.
　　All you do now is complete the form
　　The only thing I can do now is go on by myself.
　　The thing to do now is clear up this mess.
　　The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.
　　不定式的其他用法
　　too…to 結(jié)構(gòu)通常表示否定意義:
　　She was too young to understand all that.
　　enough…to結(jié)構(gòu)則表示肯定意義:
　　She was not old enough to understand all that.
　　not too, but too, all too, only too等和不定式連用時(shí),不定式一般不表示否定意義:
　　He’s only too pleased to help her.
　　so…as (to)這種結(jié)構(gòu)也可用不定式作狀語(yǔ):
　　Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.
　　如果要說(shuō)明不定是表示的動(dòng)作是誰(shuí)做的, 可以在不定式前加一個(gè)for引起的短語(yǔ):
　　It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.
　　It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally.
　　在以某些形容詞(如 kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等)作表語(yǔ)時(shí), 不定式前可加一個(gè)of引起的短語(yǔ), 來(lái)說(shuō)明不定式指的是誰(shuí)的情況:
　　It’s kind of you to think so much of us.
　　(It is) Awfully good of you to come and meet us.
　　It’s very nice of you to be so considerate.
　　It’s unwise of them to turn down the proposal.
　　V+ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞及動(dòng)名詞)
　　形式
　　完成式: 如果要表示動(dòng)名詞代表的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生, 通常用動(dòng)名詞的完成形式.
　　He didn’t mention having met me.
　　I regret not having taken her advice.
　　在某些動(dòng)詞后(或成語(yǔ)中), 常用(或可以用)動(dòng)名詞的一般形式, 盡管動(dòng)作是在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的.
　　Excuse me for coming late.
　　I don’t remember ever seeing him anywhere.
　　現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式主要用在狀語(yǔ)中, 表示這動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生.
　　Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.
　　Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.
　　另外, 獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)也可用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式.
　　The guests having left, they resumed their discussion.
　　The children, having eating their fill, were allowed to leave the table.
　　被動(dòng)式: 當(dāng)一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞邏輯上的主語(yǔ)所表示的是這動(dòng)作的對(duì)象時(shí), 動(dòng)名詞一般要用被動(dòng)形式.
　　His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.
　　He couldn’t bear being made fun of like that.
　　但要注意, 在want, need, deserve, require 等動(dòng)詞后, 盡管表示的是被動(dòng)的意思, 卻用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式.
　　My pen needs filling.
　　The point deserves mentioning.
　　This problem requires studying with great care.
　　在worth這個(gè)形容詞后情形也是這樣.
　　Her method is worth trying.
　　現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式可以用來(lái)作定語(yǔ), 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ), 狀語(yǔ)及用于獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中.
　　This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory.
　　You’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere.
　　Being asked to give a performance, she couldn’t very well refuse.
　　These are sold at reduced prices, the defects always being pointed out to the customers.
　　完成被動(dòng)式: 如果表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生, 有時(shí)需要用動(dòng)名詞的完成被動(dòng)式.
　　I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.
　　但在多數(shù)情況下都避免使用這一形式, 而用一般被動(dòng)形式代替, 以免句子顯得累贅.
　　現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動(dòng)式一般用來(lái)作狀語(yǔ)或用于獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中.
　　Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away?
　　The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan.
　　All the compositions having been written and collected, the teacher sent the students home.
　　句法功用
　　作主語(yǔ):
　　Walking is good exercise.
　　It’s nice talking to you.
　　There is no denying the fact that the new method has greatly raised labour productivity.
　　作賓語(yǔ):
　　Your shoes need polishing.
　　You mustn’t delay sending the tractors over.
　　He avoided giving us a definite answer.
　　作介詞賓語(yǔ): 動(dòng)名詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)用的時(shí)候最多. 它?？梢杂迷谀承┏烧Z(yǔ)后面, 常見(jiàn)的有: insist on, persist in, think of, dream of, object to, suspect…of, accuse…of, charge…with, hear of, approve of, prevent…from, keep…from, stop…from, refrain from, be engaged in, look forward to, opposed to, depend on, thank…for, feel like, excuse…for, aim at, devote…to, set about, spend…in, get (be) used to, be fond of, be capable of, be afraid of, be tired of, be sick of, succeed in, be interested in, feel (be) ashamed of, be proud of, be keen on, be responsible for.

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　　>>>正式啟用新域名

　　作表語(yǔ):
　　The real problem is getting to know the needs of the people.
　　動(dòng)名詞和不定式都可以作主語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ). 一般說(shuō)來(lái), 在表示抽象的一般的行為時(shí)多用動(dòng)名詞; 在表示具體某詞動(dòng)作, 特別是將來(lái)的動(dòng)作時(shí), 多用不定式.
　　作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ): 分詞可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, find, keep, get, have等動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ).
　　The words immediately set us all laughing.
　　Once we caught him dozing off in class.
　　His remark left me wondering what he was driving at.
　　在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等動(dòng)詞后, 及可用現(xiàn)在分詞, 也可用不定式構(gòu)成賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ). 用現(xiàn)在分詞時(shí), 表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生, 用不定式時(shí)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生了.
　　Do you hear someone knocking at the door?
　　Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times.
　　作狀語(yǔ): 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí), 通常都表示主語(yǔ)正在進(jìn)行的另一動(dòng)作, 來(lái)對(duì)謂語(yǔ)表示的主要?jiǎng)幼骷右孕揎椈蜃鳛榕阋r.
　　I ran out of the house shouting.
　　I got home, feeling very tired.
　　Driving to Chicago that night, I was struck by a sudden thought.
　　現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)有時(shí)可以用作狀語(yǔ)表示原因, 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表示原因的狀語(yǔ)從句.
　　Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.
　　Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.
　　Having already seen the film twice, she didn’t want to go to the cinema.
　　現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)有時(shí)可用作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ), 相當(dāng)于when引起的從句:
　　Seeing those pictures, he couldn’t help thinking of those memorable days they spent together.
　　如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作是完全同時(shí)發(fā)生的, 多用when 或while加分詞這種結(jié)構(gòu).
　　Be careful when crossing the street.
　　When leaving the airport, they waved again and again to us.
　　She got to know them while attending a conference in Beijing.
　　前面帶有代詞或名詞的動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu): 一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞前面可以加一個(gè)物主代詞(或名詞的所有格結(jié)構(gòu)), 來(lái)表示這個(gè)動(dòng)名詞邏輯上的主語(yǔ).
　　Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
　　Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself.
　　Do you mind my reading your paper?
　　They insisted on my staying there for supper.
　　如果不是在句子開頭, 這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)常?？梢杂妹~的普通格(或人稱代詞賓格), 這比用所有格更自然一些.
　　I don’t mind him going.
　　She hates people losing their temper.
　　只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞: suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can’t help, mind, admit, enjoy, leave off, require, postpone, put off, delay, practise, fancy, excuse, pardon, advise, consider, deny, endure, escape, miss
　　既可用動(dòng)名詞, 也可用不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞: love, like, hate, dislike, begin, start, continue, intend, attempt, can’t bear, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, neglect, try, deserve, can’t afford等.
　　有時(shí)兩種結(jié)構(gòu)之間意義差別不大, 有時(shí)卻有不同的意思. 在remember, regret, want, try等詞后差別是比較明顯的.
　　I remember seeing her once somewhere.
　　I must remember to take my notebooks with me.
　　I regret not having accepted your advice.
　　I regret to say I haven’t given you enough help.
　　She doesn’t want (need) to come.
　　The house wants (needs) cleaning.
　　We must try to get everything done in time.
　　Let’s try doing the work some other way.
　　懸垂修飾: 分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí), 表示的必須是主語(yǔ)的一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài).
　　Walking through the park, we saw a lot of flowers. (walking是we的動(dòng)作, 正確)
　　Walking through the park, the flowers looked very beautiful. (錯(cuò)誤)
　　Standing on the tower, we could see the whole city. (正確)
　　Standing on the tower, the whole village could be seen. (錯(cuò)誤)
　　分詞
　　意義: 過(guò)去分詞通常來(lái)自及物動(dòng)詞, 帶有被動(dòng)意義和完成意義; 而現(xiàn)在分詞有的來(lái)自及物動(dòng)詞, 有的來(lái)自不及物動(dòng)詞, 通常帶有主動(dòng)意義和未完成意義.
　　frozen food a freezing wind
　　a bored traveller a boring journey
　　a lost cause a losing battle
　　a conquered army a conquering army
　　a finished article the last finishing touch
　　the spoken word a speaking bird
　　a closed shop the closing hour
　　a recorded talk a recording machine
　　來(lái)自不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞很少能單獨(dú)用作前置修飾語(yǔ), 能作這樣用的僅限于下面幾個(gè)詞, 僅表示完成意義, 不表示被動(dòng)意義.
　　the risen sun, fallen leaves, faded/withered flowers, returned students, retired workers, departed friends, escaped prisoners, the vanished jewels, newly-arrived visitors
　　用作后置修飾語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞一般都帶有修飾語(yǔ)或其他成分, 在意義上相當(dāng)于關(guān)系分句.
　　Most of the people invited to the reception were old friends.
　　句法作用
　　作定語(yǔ): distinguished guest 貴賓, unknown heroes 無(wú)名英雄, armed forces武裝部隊(duì), canned food罐頭食品, boiled water開水, steamed bread饅頭, stricken area災(zāi)區(qū)
　　分詞還可構(gòu)成合成詞作定語(yǔ): simply-furnished room陳設(shè)簡(jiǎn)單的房間, clear-cut answer明確的答復(fù), highly-developed industry高度發(fā)展的工業(yè), heartfelt thanks衷心的感謝, hand-made goods手工制品, man-made satellite人造衛(wèi)星
　　作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ): 可以帶過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有:
　　see, hear, feel, find, think等表示感覺(jué)和心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞.
　　I saw the students assembled in the hall.
　　We found her greatly changed.
　　make, get, have, keep等表示”致使”意義的動(dòng)詞:
　　I have my hair cut every ten days.
　　She got her bad tooth pulled out.
　　Please keep us informed of the latest developments.
　　like, want, wish, order等表示希望, 要求, 命令等意義的動(dòng)詞:
　　I don’t want any of you (to be) involved in the scandal.
　　He won’t like such questions (to be) discussed at the meeting.
　　過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)常用作狀語(yǔ), 修飾謂語(yǔ), 很多都說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的背景或情況.
　　Guided by these principles, they went on with the work,
　　Delighted with her work, they made her the general manager.
　　過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)也可作狀語(yǔ)表示原因, 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表示原因的狀語(yǔ)從句.
　　Influenced by his example, they performed countless good deeds.
　　有時(shí)也可說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間, 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表示時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)從句.
　　This method, tried in areas near Shanghai, resulted in a marked rise in total production.
　　間或也可表示一個(gè)假設(shè)的情況, 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件從句.
　　Given closer analysis, we can see this is totally wrong.
　　偶爾也可用來(lái)代替一個(gè)“讓步”狀語(yǔ)從句.
　　Picked 20 years a year, it grows tired only after 40 or 50 years.
　　獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu): 在用分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí), 它邏輯上的主語(yǔ)一般必須與句子的主語(yǔ)一.致. 但有時(shí)它也可以有自己獨(dú)立的邏輯上的主語(yǔ), 這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu), 一般表示一種伴隨的動(dòng)作或情況.
　　He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.
　　有時(shí)可以表示時(shí)間:
　　Late that autumn, his work finished, he prepared to return to his institute.
　　表示原因:
　　Her eyes dimmed with tears, she did not see him enter.
　　條件:
　　All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.

　　相關(guān)推薦：四六級(jí)考試七大核心語(yǔ)法逐項(xiàng)解析
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