雅思閱讀測(cè)試就像一團(tuán)大線球，只要你找到線頭，一切就迎刃而解。然后，這個(gè)線頭在哪里呢？想在雅思閱讀中得到一個(gè)比較良好的成績(jī)，考生需要具備哪幾方面的硬件呢？
　　1. 詞匯；不管是在雅思閱讀還是托福閱讀，考查語(yǔ)言水平的一個(gè)基本方面就是詞匯。而在雅思閱讀當(dāng)中，考生不僅僅需要一定量的詞匯，而且在注重詞匯的多樣性，即同意轉(zhuǎn)化。特別是考生在記一些雅思考試的高頻詞匯的時(shí)候，就更強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)詞相對(duì)應(yīng)的英文同義詞。總所周知，中英是有差異的。
　　2. 語(yǔ)法；語(yǔ)法和詞匯一樣是考查語(yǔ)言水平的一個(gè)基本方面。然后這個(gè)方面在雅思閱讀考試中相對(duì)比較重要。
　　3. 題型；雅思的題型當(dāng)然也就是雅思閱讀的最重要的特點(diǎn)?？忌挥惺熘鱾€(gè)題型的特點(diǎn)，換句話說(shuō)，考生只有了解游戲規(guī)則，才能成為最后的贏家。
　　雅思閱讀的語(yǔ)法方面到底要注意哪幾個(gè)方面呢？
　　一．長(zhǎng)句的處理
　　總所周知，雅思閱讀的三篇文章都比較長(zhǎng)，而且單詞也相對(duì)比較難。然后最讓考生頭
　　痛的就是幾乎一半以上的句子都是長(zhǎng)句。而所謂的對(duì)長(zhǎng)句的處理就是指能清楚地知道這個(gè)長(zhǎng)句的主干在是什么呢，基本上指的就是這個(gè)長(zhǎng)句的主謂賓或主謂表是什么。這樣的話，就大大減輕了考生的負(fù)擔(dān)和壓力。因?yàn)橹鞲傻膯卧~往往都相對(duì)而言比較簡(jiǎn)單，并且，主干上的意思基本上就是作者的要表達(dá)的意義。當(dāng)然，還有一個(gè)點(diǎn)是能弄懂長(zhǎng)句的比較有立竿見影的好處就是出題者的出題特點(diǎn)。
　　我們先來(lái)看幾個(gè)例子
　　1. 題目：Research completed in 1982 found that in the United States soil erosion……(C3T2P2)
　　A reduced the productivity of farmland by20 per cent
　　B was almost as severe as in India and China
　　C was causing significant damage to 20 per cent of farmland
　　D could be reduced by converting cultivated land to meadow or forest
　　原文：The United States, where the most careful measurements have been done, discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was losing topsoil at a rate likely to diminish the soil’s productivity.
　　很明顯，原文是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句，而對(duì)于長(zhǎng)句的處理就是找出主干，我們可以看出來(lái)，這個(gè)句子的主干是The United States discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was losing topsoil。所以答案就非常明顯應(yīng)該選擇C。所以你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)很多考生都會(huì)選的A項(xiàng)經(jīng)過(guò)對(duì)此長(zhǎng)句的分析，它根本就不在此長(zhǎng)句的主干，也就是說(shuō)這是對(duì)作者要表達(dá)的意思的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。從這里我們可以看出，出題者對(duì)干擾項(xiàng)的出題思路，干擾項(xiàng)所在的位置都是定位句子的非主干部分。
　　2. 題目：Paragraph B How the port changes a city’s infrastructure (C2T2P3)
　　原文：Port cities become industrial, financial and service centers and political capitals because of their water connections and the urban concentration which arises there and later draws to it railway, highways and air routes. Water transport means cheap access, the chief basis of all port cities. Many of the world’s biggest cities, for example, London, New York, Shanghai, Istanbul, Buenos Aries, Tokyo, Jakarta, Calcutta, Philadelphia and San Francisco began as ports—that is, with land-sea exchange as their major function—but they have since grown disproportionately in other respects, so that their port functions are no longer dominant. They remain different kinds of places from non-port cities and their port functions account for that difference.
　　做這一道題的時(shí)候，考生只要知道出題者的出干擾項(xiàng)的思路，就不會(huì)選How the port changes a city’s infrastructure這個(gè)小標(biāo)題。很多考生之所以會(huì)選這個(gè)答案，很大程度上是因?yàn)榈谝痪洌篜ort cities become industrial, financial and service centers and political capitals because of their water connections and the urban concentration which arises there and later draws to it railway, highways and air routes. city’s infrastructure想對(duì)應(yīng)的就是railway, highways and air routes。然而我們可以看到這個(gè)長(zhǎng)句的主干是：Port cities become industrial, financial and service centers and political capitals。故這個(gè)小標(biāo)題是個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)。
　　3. 題目：Paragraph B Ottawa International Conference on Health Promotion
　　Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (C2T1P2)
　　原文：At the Ottawa Conference in 1986, a charter was developed which outlined new directions for health promotion based on the socio-ecological view of health. This charter, known as the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, remains as the backbone of health action today. In exploring the scope of health promotion it states that:
　　Good health is a major resource for social, economic and personal development and an important dimension of quality of life. Political, economica, social, cultural, environmental, behavioural and biological factors can all favour health or be harmful to it.(WHO, 1986)
　　The Ottawa Charter brings practical meaning and action to this broad notion of health promotion. It presents fundamental strategies and approaches in achieving health for all. The overall philosophy of health promotion which guides these fundamental strategies and approaches is one of ‘enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health’ (WHO, 1986).
　　同樣的道理，我們之間看到，這里的第一句：At the Ottawa Conference in 1986, a charter was developed which outlined new directions for health promotion based on the socio-ecological view of health.這個(gè)句子的主干就是：a charter was developed。所以小標(biāo)題中的Ottawa International Conference on Health Promotion 就是干擾項(xiàng)的常用的招數(shù)。
　　從以上的例子，我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)出題者的出題特點(diǎn)，基本上，正確答案一定是主干上的同意轉(zhuǎn)化，而干擾項(xiàng)上的答案都出自定語(yǔ)上。所以這也就是為什么烤鴨若能完全掌握長(zhǎng)句的處理，短期內(nèi)會(huì)有一定的提高。
　　二．時(shí)態(tài)
　　在雅思閱讀中，時(shí)態(tài)所謂是閱讀中最簡(jiǎn)單最顯而易見的一個(gè)特殊點(diǎn)。所謂特殊點(diǎn)當(dāng)然是指在一個(gè)普遍存在的現(xiàn)象中與眾不同的一點(diǎn)。雅思閱讀的文章都是學(xué)術(shù)類的文章，故此類文章基本上采用的就是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。因此，除了一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的其他時(shí)態(tài)在閱讀的題目中都非常地特殊。
　　我們先來(lái)看幾個(gè)例子
　　1. 題目：Paragraph F: ii Who is planning what （C2T3P3）heading
　　原文：Around the world, the market is growing rapidly. Malaysia, for example, is preparing to equip all of its airports with biometric face of cash dispensers is developing new machines that incorporate iris scanner……
　　這是劍橋二的真題，這里出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)很特殊的時(shí)態(tài)—現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。很明顯，如果考生清楚雅思時(shí)態(tài)的特殊性的話，就會(huì)有一個(gè)正確的做題方向。
　　2. 題目：sensors (C6T1P1) classification
　　Aare currently exclusively used by Australians
　　Bwill be used in the future by Australians
　　Care currently used by both Australians and their rivals
　　原文：They are developing unobtrusive sensors that will be embedded in an athlete’s clothes or running shoes to monitor heart rate, sweating, heat production or any other factor that might have an impact on an athlete’s ability to run.
　　這是劍橋六的真題，是分類。這里出現(xiàn)的特殊時(shí)態(tài)—將來(lái)時(shí)，所以考生做題就很明顯分兩類，定位后先看時(shí)態(tài)，如果是一般現(xiàn)在是或過(guò)去時(shí)，那答案就非A即C；如果定位到的地方是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)和將來(lái)時(shí)，很明顯答案是B。此外，在雅思考試中，涉及到將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)的關(guān)鍵詞還有in the future 和 long-term.等等。
　　3. 題目：a comparison of past and present transportation methods (C2T3P3) 段落細(xì)節(jié)matching
　　原文：C：Until a hundred years ago, most journeys were in the 20 km range, the distance conveniently accessible by horse. Heavy freight could only be carried by water or tail. The invention of the motor vehicle brought personal mobility to the masses and made rapid freight delivery possible over a much wider area….
　　這里出現(xiàn)的特殊時(shí)態(tài)是過(guò)去時(shí)，所以考生也很容易發(fā)現(xiàn)只有C自然段一開始就出現(xiàn)了過(guò)去時(shí)。此外，涉及過(guò)去時(shí)的關(guān)鍵詞還有fomer, historical, past, previous等等。
　　三．連接詞and, such as,冠詞a, the 的使用
　　我們知道雅思閱讀考試的核心是定位，當(dāng)然這些虛詞都無(wú)法幫助定位。但是這些虛詞同樣可以給考試一個(gè)比較好的做題方向。表示并列關(guān)系的and, or, as well as等等連接詞，在定位的時(shí)候就可以用定位詞和這種關(guān)系來(lái)精確定位。因?yàn)椴⒘嘘P(guān)系非常的簡(jiǎn)單且表明這兩個(gè)詞的關(guān)系非常地密切。
　　我們先來(lái)看幾個(gè)例子。
　　題目：The territory of Nunavut consists of little more than ice, rock and a few…………(C6T1P3) summary
　　原文：Nunavut is 1.9 million square kilometers of rock and ice, and a handful of islands around the North Pole.
　　一看到and并列關(guān)系，所以這道題就很明顯用ice, rock來(lái)定到位，然后就很明顯和這兩個(gè)詞保持并列關(guān)系的是islands。
　　題目：For thousands of years they have had to rely on catching…………and…………as a means of sustenance. (C6T1P3) summary
　　原文：Human first settled in the Arctic a mere 4,5000 years ago, surviving by exploiting sea mammals and fish.
　　這道題也是非常的簡(jiǎn)單，要填的兩個(gè)空是并列結(jié)構(gòu)，而且有個(gè)很好的定位詞thousands可以很快定到位，然后抄兩個(gè)保持并列結(jié)構(gòu)的名詞。因此，答案應(yīng)該是sea mammals, fish.
　　題目：In Britain, moreover, scientists worried that English has neither the…………nor the ……….to express their ideas. (C5T2P3) summary
　　原文：First, it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second, it lacked the grammatical resources required to represent the word in an objective and impersonal way...
　　這一題的并列結(jié)構(gòu)就有點(diǎn)略難了，因?yàn)檫@種并列結(jié)構(gòu)是分布在兩個(gè)句子里。所以基本上雅思中的丙類結(jié)構(gòu)分兩種，一種是直接用and, or, as well as，一種就是分布在兩個(gè)連著的句子。
　　題目：Language problems may come to the attention of the public when they have………., such as fatal accidents or social problems. (C2T2P2) sentence completion
　　原文：Publicity comes only when a failure to communicate has major consequences, such as strikes, lost orders, legal problems, or fatal accidents- even , at times, war.
　　這里要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是這里要填的詞和fatal accidents or social problems保持的是包含關(guān)系，和并列關(guān)系相區(qū)別下。只要注意一下，就可以知道答案就是major consequences。此外，表示包含關(guān)系的詞還有for example, like, including.
　　題目：A genetic problem cannot be treated with drugs because strictly speaking it is not a ……….. (C2T4P3) sentence completion
　　原文：None of the single-gene disorders is a disease in the conventional sense, for which it would be possible to administer a curative drug….
　　有一點(diǎn)一定要記住，THE常有，A不常有。所以一旦用DRUG定到位后，可以非常迅速得找出A后面緊跟的名詞。所以這道題的答案就是DISEASE.
　　題目：Johnson did not have a……. available to him, but eventually produced definitions of in excess of 40,000 words written down in 80 large notebooks. (C5T1P1) summary
　　原文：Filling about eighty large notebooks (and without a library to hand), Johnson wrote the definitions of over 40,000 words, and illustrated their many meanings with some 114,000 quotations draw from English writing on every subject, from the Elizabethans to his own time.
　　題目：As a reward for his hard work, he was granted a ………..by the king. (C5T1P1) summary
　　原文：The Dictionary, together with his other writing, made Johnson famous and so well esteemed that his friends were able to prevail upon King George III to offer him a pension.
　　這些例題的共同點(diǎn)就是所填的空之前有一個(gè)a，這里考生只要知道一點(diǎn)，你抄的單詞基本上就定位到的地方的a的后面的詞就對(duì)了。所以特別在指出的是一篇文章中的a是有限的，所以這也是一個(gè)特殊點(diǎn)。

（責(zé)任編輯：中大編輯）

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