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Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation, migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions.

The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside; migrating to the New World was simply a “natural spillover”. Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English — they would rather have stayed home — by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly, Bailyn holds that, contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks, there was never a typical New World community. For example, the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably.

Bailyn’s third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants: one group came as indentured servants, another came to acquire land. Surprisingly, Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At first, thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730’s, however, American employers demanded skilled artisans.

Finally, Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery, as Bailyn does, devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true, as Bailyn claims, that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England, where the settlers created effective laws, built a distinguished university, and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However, the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture.

Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution, he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began, among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti-aristocratic.

1. Which of the following statements about migrants to colonial North America is supported by information in the text?

[A] A larger percentage of migrants to colonial North America came as indentured servants than as free agents interested in acquiring land.

[B] Migrants who came to the colonies as indentured servants were more successful at making a livelihood than were farmers and artisans.

[C] Migrants to colonial North America were more successful at acquiring their own land during the eighteenth century than during the seventeenth century.

[D] By the 1730’s, migrants already skilled in a trade were in more demand by American employers than were unskilled laborers.

2. The author of the text states that Bailyn failed to

[A] give sufficient emphasis to the cultural and political interdependence of the colonies and England.

[B] describe carefully how migrants of different ethnic backgrounds preserved their culture in the United States.

[C] take advantage of social research on the experiences of colonists who migrated to colonial North America specifically to acquire land.

[D] relate the experience of the migrants to the political values that eventually shaped the character of the United States.

3. Which of the following best summarizes the author’s evaluation of Bailyn’s fourth proposition?

[A] It is totally implausible.

[B] It is partially acceptable.

[C] It is highly admirable.

[D] It is controversial though persuasive.

4. According to the text, Bailyn and the author agree on which of the following statements about the culture of colonial New England?

[A] High culture in New England never equaled the high culture of England.

[B] The cultural achievements of colonial New England have generally been unrecognized by historians.

[C] The colonists imitated the high culture of England, and did not develop a culture that was uniquely their own.

[D] The southern colonies were greatly influenced by the high culture of New England.

5. The author of the text would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about Bailyn’s work?

[A] Bailyn underestimates the effects of Puritan thought on North American culture.

[B] Bailyn overemphasizes the economic dependence of the colonies on Great Britain.

[C] Bailyn’s description of the colonies as part of an Anglo-American empire is misleading and incorrect.

[D] Bailyn failed to test his propositions on a specific group of migrants to colonial North America.

[答案與考點(diǎn)解析]

1. 【答案】D

【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道審題定位題。題干中的“migrants”一詞暗示本題的答案信息在第一段或第三段，因?yàn)檫@兩段的首句都含有“migrants”一詞。又根據(jù)題干中的“supported”一詞，我們可以推斷出本題的答案信息來(lái)源應(yīng)該在原文的第三段，因?yàn)樽髡邞?yīng)該在第三段提出相應(yīng)證據(jù)來(lái)“支持”(supported)自己的觀點(diǎn)。通過(guò)仔細(xì)閱讀和理解第三段，尤其是第三段的尾句，我們可以推導(dǎo)出本題的正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是D?？忌诮忸}時(shí)一定要有審題定位的能力，更要具備善于理解原文中啟承轉(zhuǎn)合所傳達(dá)的含義。

2. 【答案】D

【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干中的“failed”一詞暗示本題的答案信息應(yīng)該在尾段，因?yàn)槲捕沃泻?ldquo;fails”一詞。根據(jù)閱讀和理解首段尾句，我們可以推導(dǎo)出本題的正確選項(xiàng)是D?？忌诮忸}時(shí)一定要善于理解原文中所傳達(dá)的中心含義。

3. 【答案】B

【考點(diǎn)解析】本題是一道歸納推導(dǎo)題。本題題干中的“Bailyn’s fourth proposition”將本題的答案信息來(lái)源確定在原文的第四段。通過(guò)仔細(xì)閱讀和理解本段的每一句話，尤其是第二、三句話和四、五句話，我們可以推導(dǎo)出本題的正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是B?？忌诮忸}時(shí)一定要善于歸納和推導(dǎo)原文的內(nèi)容，更要善于體會(huì)上下句之間的語(yǔ)意關(guān)系。

4. 【答案】A

【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道細(xì)節(jié)推導(dǎo)題。題干中的“culture”一詞暗示本題的答案信息來(lái)源在第四段，因?yàn)榈谒亩问拙浒?ldquo;culture”一詞。通過(guò)仔細(xì)閱讀和理解第四段的每一句話，尤其是第四句，我們可以推導(dǎo)出本題的正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是A。考生在解題時(shí)一定要注意原文中重點(diǎn)詞語(yǔ)所表達(dá)的含義，以及重點(diǎn)詞語(yǔ)在選項(xiàng)中的替換形式。

5. 【答案】A

【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道審題定位題。題干并沒(méi)有明確指出本題答案信息在原文中的準(zhǔn)確位置。在這種情況下，考生一定要抓住全文的中心主旨，以及每段的核心句。本題的答案信息來(lái)源在第四段的尾句，這是一個(gè)由轉(zhuǎn)折詞“however”引導(dǎo)的句子。通過(guò)仔細(xì)閱讀理解本句，我們可以推導(dǎo)出本題的正確選項(xiàng)是A。考生在解題時(shí)一定要重視原文中表達(dá)啟承轉(zhuǎn)合的詞語(yǔ)，因?yàn)檫@往往是出題的重點(diǎn)。

[參考譯文]

Bernard Bailyn最近通過(guò)運(yùn)用關(guān)于歐洲移民經(jīng)歷的新的社會(huì)研究成果重新解釋了美國(guó)的早期歷史。在他的重新解釋中，遷徙成了重寫北美前工業(yè)化歷史的重要依據(jù)。其主張可分為四個(gè)獨(dú)立的觀點(diǎn)。

第一點(diǎn)斷言，近代早期的英國(guó)居民經(jīng)常在鄉(xiāng)下流動(dòng)，因此后來(lái)他們遷移到新大陸僅僅是一種“自然外流”。雖然最初時(shí)殖民地對(duì)英國(guó)人沒(méi)有多少正面的誘惑力——他們寧愿留在本土。到18世紀(jì)時(shí)，移往美洲的人數(shù)卻增加了，因?yàn)樗麄儗⒛莾嚎醋魇浅錆M機(jī)遇的地方。第二，Bailyn認(rèn)為，和以往美國(guó)歷史教材中慣用的觀念相反，從來(lái)就沒(méi)有過(guò)一個(gè)典型的新大陸社會(huì)，例如，早期新英格蘭城鎮(zhèn)中的經(jīng)濟(jì)和人口特點(diǎn)就很不相同。

Bailyn的第三個(gè)觀點(diǎn)是，成千上萬(wàn)的移民中最常見(jiàn)的是兩種普遍類型：一組是簽約的仆人，另一組是為土地而來(lái)。令人驚異的是：Bailyn認(rèn)為那些征召簽約仆人的人是這種跨越大西洋移民遷徙的推動(dòng)力。這些殖民地的企業(yè)主幫助那些來(lái)到前工業(yè)化北美社會(huì)的人確定其社會(huì)屬性。起初，成千上萬(wàn)未受過(guò)培訓(xùn)的勞動(dòng)力被征召，然而到了18世紀(jì)30年代，美洲雇主開(kāi)始需求技術(shù)熟練的技工。

第四，Bailyn提出，殖民地是歐洲文化體系的半開(kāi)化內(nèi)地。在堅(jiān)持殖民地是盎格魯—美利堅(jiān)帝國(guó)的一部分這一點(diǎn)上，他無(wú)疑是正確的。但是像Bailyn這樣，把帝國(guó)劃分為英國(guó)核心和殖民地外圍，就貶低了殖民地文化的成就。確實(shí)，如Bailyn所說(shuō)，殖民地的高雅文化不能和英國(guó)本土的相比。但是如何看待17世紀(jì)的新英格蘭呢?移民者在這兒制定了有效的法律，創(chuàng)建了著名的大學(xué)，出版了書(shū)籍。Bailyn可能會(huì)說(shuō)，新英格蘭是個(gè)特例。不過(guò)，新英格蘭清教徒的思想和組織機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)北美文化有著深遠(yuǎn)的影響。

盡管Bailyn不斷關(guān)注著數(shù)萬(wàn)名剛好在革命前夕遷移過(guò)來(lái)的簽約仆人，但他沒(méi)能把這些人的經(jīng)歷與美國(guó)的政治發(fā)展結(jié)合起來(lái)。他的書(shū)中有證據(jù)表明，我們本來(lái)可以建立這樣一種聯(lián)系。在出賣給美洲雇主的時(shí)間里，這些簽約仆人被看作是奴隸。毫不奇怪，一旦他們服役期滿，就會(huì)放棄城市里的高薪而走向西部，通過(guò)獲得土地來(lái)保障個(gè)人獨(dú)立。因此，一種特殊的美國(guó)政治文化開(kāi)始于西部，那些懷疑權(quán)威和強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)貴族統(tǒng)治的移民者之中。

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