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七、相對(duì)論
Relativity theory has had a profound influence on our picture of matter by forcing us to modify our concept of a particle in an essential way. (47)In classical physics, the mass of an object had always been associated with an indestructible material substance, with some “stuff” of which all things were thought to be made. Relativity theory showed that mass has nothing to do with any substance, but is a form energy. Energy, however, is a dynamic quantity associated with activity, or with processes.(48)The fact that the mass of a particle is equivalent to a certain of energy means that the particle can no longer be seen as a static object, but has to be conceived as a dynamic pattern, a process involving the energy which manifest itself as the particle’s mass.
(49)This new view of particles was initiated by Dirac when he formulated a relativistic equation describing the behavior of electrons. Dirac’s theory was not only extremely successful in accounting for the fine details of atomic structure, but also revealed a fundamental symmetry between matter and anti-matter. It predicted the existence of an anti-matter with the same mass as the electron but with an opposite charge. This positively charged particle, now called the positron, was indeed discovered two years after Dirac had predicted it. The symmetry between matter and anti-matter implies that for every particle there exists an antiparticles with equal mass and opposite charge. Pairs of particles and antiparticles can be created if enough energy is available and can be made to turn into pure energy in the reverse process of destruction.(50)These processes of particle creation and destruction had been predicted from Dirac’s theory before they were actually discovered in nature, and since then they have been observed millions of times.
The creation of material particles from pure energy is certainly the most spectacular effect of relativity theory, and it can only be understood in terms of the view of particles outlined above.(51)Before relativistic particle physics, the constituents of matter had always been considered as being either elementary units which were indestructible and unchangeable, or as composite objects which could be broken up into their constituent parts; and the basic question was whether one could divide matter again and again, or whether one would finally arrive at some smallest indivisible units.
答案
47.在古典物理中,某一物體的質(zhì)量總是與一種不可毀滅的物質(zhì)相關(guān)聯(lián)。這是一種構(gòu)成一切物質(zhì)的“東西”。
48.某一粒子的質(zhì)量相當(dāng)于一定的能量,這一事實(shí)意味著該粒子不再被看作是一個(gè)靜態(tài)的物體,而應(yīng)該被看成是一種動(dòng)態(tài)的形式,一種與能量表現(xiàn)為粒子質(zhì)量相關(guān)的過(guò)程。
49.這一新的粒子觀是由迪拉克首創(chuàng)的,他列出了描述電子運(yùn)動(dòng)行為的相對(duì)論方程。
50.粒子生成和毀滅的過(guò)程在真正被發(fā)現(xiàn)之前,迪拉克的理論已經(jīng)對(duì)它們作出了預(yù)測(cè),從那時(shí)起人們對(duì)此做過(guò)數(shù)百萬(wàn)次的觀測(cè)。
51.在相對(duì)論粒子物理學(xué)誕生之前,人們一直以為物質(zhì)的構(gòu)成成分要么是不可毀滅和不可改變的基本單位,要么是可以分解為其構(gòu)成部分的合成物。
總體分析
本文是一篇關(guān)于粒子物理理論的文章。
第一段:指出相對(duì)論改變了我們的粒子概念,從而影響了我們對(duì)物質(zhì)的理解。
第二段:指出這一粒子觀點(diǎn)是由迪拉克首創(chuàng)的,他的理論揭示了物質(zhì)和反物質(zhì)的基本對(duì)稱。該理論已經(jīng)得到了證實(shí)。
第三段:純能量創(chuàng)造物質(zhì)粒子是相對(duì)論最驚人的影響。相對(duì)論觀點(diǎn)的粒子物理學(xué)改變了人們對(duì)于物質(zhì)的看法和理解。
本文是一篇科普性說(shuō)明文,屬于正式文體??忌滓娜蝿?wù)是清楚地分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),并結(jié)合自己的物理常識(shí)準(zhǔn)確把握生疏詞匯,在此基礎(chǔ)上完成翻譯。本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn):(一)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。(二)定語(yǔ),包括定語(yǔ)從句,分詞作定語(yǔ)。(三)狀語(yǔ)從句。
試題精解
47.[精解] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)、定語(yǔ)從句的譯法。
該句的句子主干是:the mass ... had always been associated with an indestructible material substance,其中完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)had been associated with,可譯成“總是與...相關(guān)聯(lián)”。with some “stuff” of which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾indestructible material substance,翻譯的時(shí)候應(yīng)該按照漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣,將定語(yǔ)前置,放到所修飾的名詞前面??芍弊g為“所有物質(zhì)被認(rèn)為是由這種物質(zhì)構(gòu)成的”,或意譯為“這是構(gòu)成一切物質(zhì)的東西”??忌鷳?yīng)該注意of 與be made是詞組be made of被分隔了的形式,譯成“由...構(gòu)成的”。
詞匯:classical“經(jīng)典的,古典的”,在該句中取其第二種含義,譯成“古典物理”。
48.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn):同位語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句、現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)的譯法。
該句的句子主干是The fact means that...,fact后是that 引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句,同位語(yǔ)從句的翻譯和定語(yǔ)從句翻譯有很多相似之處,如果句子較長(zhǎng),可單獨(dú)成句,并用“這一事實(shí)...”將從句和主語(yǔ)連接在一起,that可以省略不譯。Means后是that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句,其中有兩個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ):can no longer be seen as和has to be conceived as,譯為“不能再被看成...,而應(yīng)該被看成...”。a process 是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)a dynamic pattern的同位語(yǔ),可以譯成并列結(jié)構(gòu)。Involving...部分是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ),修飾a process,按照漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣譯成“與……有關(guān)的過(guò)程”。Which...mass是定語(yǔ)從句,修飾the energy,可譯成“表現(xiàn)為粒子質(zhì)量的能量。”
詞匯:be equivalent to“等同于,相當(dāng)于”。 Be conceived as“被看成,被認(rèn)為”。Dynamic“動(dòng)力的,動(dòng)態(tài)的”。
49.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn):被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)、狀語(yǔ)從句、現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)的譯法。
該句的句子主干是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)This new view of particles was initiated by Dirac,在翻譯被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),通常按照漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣轉(zhuǎn)換成主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),但是有時(shí)候?yàn)榱送怀鍪﹦?dòng)者,也可譯成“由...所做的”。該句中為了突出initiated這一動(dòng)作是由Dirac發(fā)出,應(yīng)譯成“這一觀點(diǎn)是由...首創(chuàng)的”。When 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,可譯成“當(dāng)...的時(shí)候”,或者為了突出正在發(fā)生的事件,譯成“那時(shí)候...”。describing ... electrons部分是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ),修飾relativistic equation,應(yīng)該按照漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣譯成“描述電子運(yùn)動(dòng)行為的相對(duì)論方程”。
詞匯:initiated“開(kāi)始,發(fā)起”,句中譯為“首創(chuàng)”。Formulated“用公式表達(dá),明確地表達(dá)“。relativistic equation“相對(duì)論方程”。
50.[精解] 本體考核知識(shí)點(diǎn):狀語(yǔ)從句、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的譯法。
該句由兩個(gè)并列的分句構(gòu)成:These processes had been predicted和since then they have been observed。前一分句中of particle creation and destruction部分是介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ),修飾主語(yǔ)processes,應(yīng)譯為“粒子生成和毀滅的過(guò)程”。Before...in nature部分為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),翻譯時(shí),可按照漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣前置,譯成“在...之前”。后一分句中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)since then可譯成“在..之后”或“從那時(shí)”。此外翻譯被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)had been predicted from Dirac’s theory時(shí),為了突出施動(dòng)者,可以按照漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣,譯為主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。
詞匯:creation and destruction“生成和毀滅”。predict“預(yù)測(cè),預(yù)言”,文中談?wù)摰氖强茖W(xué)現(xiàn)象,應(yīng)該譯為“預(yù)測(cè)”。in nature“實(shí)際上”。
51.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn):完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)、狀語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句、either...or結(jié)構(gòu)的譯法。
該句的句子主干是:the constituents of matter had always been considered as either...or....。完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)had always been considered,可按照漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣譯成主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),即“人們一直以為”。狀語(yǔ)before...可直接翻譯,在句中位置不變。Either...or...句型應(yīng)該譯成“或者...或者...”,也可以譯成“要么...要么...”。本句中兩個(gè)as...部分均為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),與consider一起譯成“看成是...”。兩個(gè)which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,修飾兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),翻譯時(shí)采用前置法將定語(yǔ)提前。
詞匯:relativistic particle physics“相對(duì)粒子物理學(xué)”,constituents of matter“物質(zhì)構(gòu)成成分”, composite objects“合成物”。
全文翻譯
相對(duì)論迫使我們從本質(zhì)上改變了粒子概念,從而深深地影響了我們對(duì)物質(zhì)的理解。在古典物理中,某一物體的質(zhì)量總是與一種不可毀滅的物質(zhì)相關(guān)聯(lián)。這是一種構(gòu)成一切物質(zhì)的“東西”。相對(duì)論表明,質(zhì)量與任何物質(zhì)都毫無(wú)關(guān)系,它只是一種能量形式。而能量則是與運(yùn)動(dòng)或過(guò)程聯(lián)系在一起的動(dòng)態(tài)的量。某一粒子的質(zhì)量相當(dāng)于一定的能量,這一事實(shí)意味著該粒子不能再被看作是一個(gè)靜態(tài)的物體,而應(yīng)該被看成是一種動(dòng)態(tài)的形式,一種與能量表現(xiàn)為粒子質(zhì)量相關(guān)的過(guò)程。
這一新的粒子觀是由迪拉克首創(chuàng)的,他列出了描述電子運(yùn)動(dòng)行為的相對(duì)論方程。迪拉克理論的極大成功不僅是因?yàn)樽C明了原子結(jié)構(gòu)的微細(xì)節(jié),還因?yàn)樗沂玖宋镔|(zhì)與反物質(zhì)的基本對(duì)稱。這一理論預(yù)測(cè)了反物質(zhì)的存在,反物質(zhì)與電子質(zhì)量相同,電荷相反。迪拉克做出預(yù)測(cè)兩年后,就有人真正發(fā)現(xiàn)這種釋放正電的粒子,也就是現(xiàn)在的正電子。物質(zhì)和反物質(zhì)的對(duì)稱顯示了每個(gè)粒子都存在著一個(gè)質(zhì)量相同但電荷相反的反粒子。如果有足夠的能量,就能創(chuàng)造出粒子和反粒子的粒子對(duì),并在其逆向破壞的過(guò)程中轉(zhuǎn)化成純能量。粒子生成和毀滅的過(guò)程在真正被發(fā)現(xiàn)之前,迪拉克的理論已經(jīng)對(duì)它們作出了預(yù)測(cè),從那時(shí)起人們對(duì)此做過(guò)數(shù)百萬(wàn)次的觀測(cè)。
純能量創(chuàng)造物質(zhì)粒子無(wú)疑是相對(duì)論產(chǎn)生的最驚人的影響,也只有通過(guò)上述粒子觀才能理解。在相對(duì)粒子物理學(xué)誕生之前,人們一直以為物質(zhì)的構(gòu)成成分要么是不可毀滅和改變的基本單位,要么是可以分解為其構(gòu)成部分的合成物?;镜膯?wèn)題是:人們是否可以一次又一次地分裂物質(zhì),或者說(shuō)人們是否可以最終達(dá)到一些最小的不可分割的單位。
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