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37.在翻譯過程中，如何處理非限制性定語從句?

非限制性定語從句和它的先行詞之間只有比較松散的關(guān)系，對先行詞不起限定的作用。就其意義來說，在句中有時相當于一個并列分句。翻譯此類句子，一般可采用以下方法：

(1)譯成獨立句

一般來說，非限制性定語從句較少譯成帶的的定語詞組。在翻譯成漢語時可以將從句與主句分譯，獨立成句。

經(jīng)典例題201 Attending services at the Cathedral of Pisa，he found himself watching a swinging chandelier，which air currents shifted now in wide arcs，now in small ones.

分析：定語從句被翻譯為后置的并列分句，用人稱代詞它代替先行詞吊架燈。

參考譯文一次在比薩大教堂做禮拜時，他發(fā)現(xiàn)自己正看著一個吊燈架，它隨著氣流時而劃一個大弧，時而劃一個小弧。

經(jīng)典例題202 Although he got generally good grades and was outstanding in mathematics，Einstein hated the academic high school he was sent to in Munich，where success depended on memorization and obedience to arbitrary authority.

參考譯文雖然愛因斯坦門門功課都很優(yōu)異，數(shù)學(xué)尤為突出，但他很討厭上這所慕尼黑的中學(xué)。在這所學(xué)校里成功取決于死記硬背和對專制權(quán)威的服從。

經(jīng)典例題203 One is the visible edge of the sun，which is a gaseoussurfacefrom which visible light photons(光子)freely emerge.

分析：本句中在非限制性定語從句里又包含一個限制性定語從句，為了符合漢語表達習(xí)慣，我們將兩個定語從句都譯成后置的并列分句。

參考譯文一個例子就是太陽的邊緣，這是一個氣狀的表面，可見光光子從中源源涌出。

(2)斷開法

我們同樣可以用括號或破折號將非限制性從句和主句斷開。

經(jīng)典例題204 All commercial communication satellites，which began to be launched in1965，are now designed for use in geosynchronous orbits(地球同步軌道)。

參考譯文所有商業(yè)性通訊衛(wèi)星(1965年開始發(fā)射)現(xiàn)在都設(shè)計用于地球同步軌道。

經(jīng)典例題205 On this and succeeding days，during which our anticraft guns were doubled in numbers，very hard and continuous air fighting took place over the capital，and the Lufewaffe were still confident through their overestimation of our losses.

參考譯文在當天和隨后幾天(我們的高射炮在這幾天增加了一倍)，首都上空發(fā)生了連續(xù)不斷的激烈空戰(zhàn)，德國空軍由于過高地估計了我們的損失，因而仍然懷有信心。

(3)翻譯成有狀語職能的句子

非限制性定語從句在語義上有時起狀語分句的作用，表示原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步等意義。因此可將此類從句譯為相應(yīng)的狀語分句。

經(jīng)典例題206 Rockets perform best in space，where there is no atmosphere to impede their motion.分析：在語義上，定語從句與主句的關(guān)系為因果關(guān)系，因此我們將定語從句譯成原因狀語從句。參考譯文火箭在太空中運行最佳，因為在那兒不存在阻礙他們運動的大氣。

經(jīng)典例題207 Congress，which had met to continue its protests to the Crown，found itself raising an army and selecting George Washington as its commander in chief.分析：定語從句與先行詞融合起來，翻譯成時間狀語從句。

參考譯文代表大會先前已集會決定繼續(xù)向英皇提抗議，而現(xiàn)在則發(fā)展到招募兵員并推選喬治·華盛頓為總司令了。歷年真題分析

經(jīng)典例題208 The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this，which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.(1991年)

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是The food supply will not increase…to match this，which means that we are heading into a crisis…。關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。其先行詞是前面一整句。翻譯時譯成另一個分句。在這個從句中又包含一個由that引導(dǎo)的名詞從句作means的賓語。指示代詞this在這兒指代上文的人口增長。

參考譯文食品供應(yīng)的增加將趕不上人口的增長，這就意味著我們在糧食的生產(chǎn)和購銷方面正陷入危機。

經(jīng)典例題209In short，a leader of the new school contends，the scientific revolution，as we call it，was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.(1994年)

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是…，a leader of the new school contends，the scientific revolution，…was largely…a series of instruments that expanded the reach of…。直接引語作contends的賓語。在這個直接引語中，主語是the scientific revolution，as we call it是插入語。關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾先行詞the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments.翻譯時重復(fù)這個先行詞。largely在本句中相當于mainly，譯為主要的。

參考譯文新學(xué)派的一位領(lǐng)袖人物堅持說：簡而言之，我們所謂的科學(xué)革命，主要是指一系列器具的改進、發(fā)明和使用，這些改進、發(fā)明和使用使科學(xué)發(fā)展的范圍無所不及。

經(jīng)典例題210 This trend began during the Second World War，when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.(1996年)

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是This trend began during the Second World War，when several governments…conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of…cannot generally be foreseen in detail.關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，修飾the Second World War.這個從句在本句中兼有狀語從句的功能，翻譯時可以譯成時間狀語從句。此從句包含一個由that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句，作conclusion的同位語。在這個同位語從句中又套一個由關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾demands.demands的謂語是cannot generally be foreseen in detail.make demands of意為對…提要求。establishment在此意為機構(gòu)。

參考譯文這種趨勢始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，當時一些國家的政府得出結(jié)論：政府要向科研機構(gòu)提出的具體要求通常是無法詳盡預(yù)見的。

經(jīng)典例題211 It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.(1999年)

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是It applies equally to traditional historians who…and to social science historians who…。本句中包括兩個由關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)的定語從句。其兩個先行詞traditional historians和social science historians是并列的賓語。翻譯此句可采用組合法，先譯兩個先行詞，再具體分述兩個定語從句。it指代上文的fallacy，意為謬誤。activity原意為活動，在此句中應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)譯為歷史研究。參考譯文這種謬誤同樣存在于歷史傳統(tǒng)派和歷史社科派，前者認為歷史就是史學(xué)界內(nèi)部和外部人士對各種史料來源的評論，后者認為歷史的研究是具體方法的研究。

經(jīng)典例題212 Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.(2001年)

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是Pearson has pieced together the work…calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect…to take place.關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾calendar.此從句中又包含一個由關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)的定語從句。piece常用作名詞，意為碎片，片，在本句中作動詞譯為匯集，聚集。produce在此根據(jù)上下文應(yīng)譯為編制。

參考譯文皮爾森匯集世界各地數(shù)百位研究人員的成果，編制了一個獨特的新技術(shù)千年歷，它列出了人們有望看到數(shù)百項重大突破和發(fā)現(xiàn)的最遲日期。熟能生巧

經(jīng)典例題213 The reason why a great conductor makes notations on his musical scores—mark themup again and again each time he returns to study them—is the reason why you should mark your books.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是The reason why a great conductor…is the reason why you should…。句子的主語是the reason，謂語是is the reason why…。兩個關(guān)系副詞why都引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾先行詞the reason.兩個破折號中間的mark them up again and again each time he returns to study them起強調(diào)和重復(fù)的作用。名詞性連接詞each time引導(dǎo)狀語從句。musical scores在此句中應(yīng)譯為音樂曲譜。conductor譯為指揮家。

參考譯文一個偉大的指揮家會在他的音樂曲譜上做上符號，在每次復(fù)習(xí)它們的時候一遍又一遍地做上標記，指揮家這樣做的原因就是你為什么應(yīng)該在你的書上做標記的原因。

經(jīng)典例題214 Other issues that concern the body politic，such as crime，poverty，and welfare，are not easily linked to public support of scientific research，save at the educational level.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是Other issues that concern…，are not easily linked to…，save at…。這是一個含有that引導(dǎo)的定語從句的長主語，other issues是主語，也是先行詞。such as引導(dǎo)并列成分。謂語是are not easily linked to public support of scientific research.save在這個句子中相當于except，意為除了…。body politic可譯為國家。

參考譯文除了在教育層次上，其他一些與國家息息相關(guān)的問題，如犯罪、貧窮和福利都難以與公共支持的科研相提并論。

經(jīng)典例題215 I worry，particularly，about the effects on our children of our own society，a society that is less safe and less hospitable than the one I experienced as a child growing up during the1950‘s and1960’s.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是I worry about the effects on…，a society that is less…than the one I experienced as…。a society that is…是our own society的同位語，關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾a society.在這個從句中又包含另一個定語從句I experienced，關(guān)系代詞that被省略，the one是先行詞，指代the society.現(xiàn)在分詞短語growing up…作child的后置定語。句中還要注意比較級less…than的翻譯。

參考譯文我特別擔(dān)心對于我們這個社會的孩子們所產(chǎn)生的影響，同我孩提時代所生活的五、六十年代相比，如今的社會缺少安全感，也顯得冷漠。

經(jīng)典例題216 Smart cards，which can carry as much as80times more information on them than conventional cards with a magnetic stripe，are already widely used in European countries where centralized banks can roll out new services on a nationwide basis.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是smart cards，which…，are already widely used in European countries where…。關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，修飾主語smart cards.謂語是are already widely used…。關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾countries.more…than…，在此表示比較級。on a nationwide basis即意為nationwide。magnetic stripe在句中譯為磁條。

參考譯文智能卡能載有的信息量是磁帶普通卡信息量的80倍，已在歐洲各國廣泛應(yīng)用。歐洲各國實現(xiàn)中央化的銀行在全國范圍展開新型的服務(wù)。

經(jīng)典例題217 In the Greek heritage of the west，myth has always been in tension with reason，which signified the rational and analytic mode of arriving at a true account of reality.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是In the Greek heritage…，myth has always been…，which signified…。關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，修飾reason.在這個句子中，which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句兼有狀語從句的功能，翻譯時可視作原因狀語從句翻譯。reason在此句中不譯為原因，理由，應(yīng)譯為理性。

參考譯文在西方希臘遺產(chǎn)中，神話與理性始終處于緊張沖突狀態(tài)，因為理性意味著對現(xiàn)實進行合情合理、符合實際的分析描述。

經(jīng)典例題218 Medicine，like all branches of science，needs scholars who are able to develop appropriaterule of evidenceand then apply those rules to the continuously flowing stream of new idea to determine what is relevant.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是Medicine，like all…，needs scholars who are able to…。like all branches of science是插入語。關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾scholars.在這個從句中包含一個名詞從句———what is relevant作determine的賓語。flowing stream of new data在此譯為新數(shù)據(jù)流。apply…to在此句中譯為把…應(yīng)用于…。

參考譯文正像所有的科學(xué)分支一樣，醫(yī)學(xué)也需要這類學(xué)者，他們既能開發(fā)適當?shù)膶嵶C規(guī)則，又能把那些規(guī)則應(yīng)用到不斷變化的新數(shù)據(jù)流中去，進而確定哪些信息是相關(guān)的。

經(jīng)典例題219 Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是Behaviorists suggest that the child who is…environment where there are…stimuli which develop…will experience greater…。that引導(dǎo)名詞從句作suggest的賓語。在這個從句中又包含三個定語從句，一層套一層。從句中的主語是the child，謂語是will experience greater intellectual development.關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾child.關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾environment.關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾stimuli.stimuli譯為刺激物。

參考譯文行為主義者指出，如果一個孩子在有許多刺激物的環(huán)境中長大，那么這個兒童將會有更高的智力發(fā)展。

經(jīng)典例題220 My idea of a good P.E.class is one where youth are involved in at least20minutes of basic movement that gets their heart rates up.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是My idea of a good P.E.class is one where youth are…movement that gets their heart rates up.關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾one，而關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾movement.a指代one P.E.class.

參考譯文談到一堂好的體育課，我的想法是，青年人在體育課中至少要進行20分鐘使他們心跳加快的基本運動。

經(jīng)典例題221 That summer，those who remained were found fleeing down river to return home to England by new settlers with fresh supplies，who encouraged them to reconsider.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是That summer，those who remained were found fleeing down…by new settlers…，who encouraged them…。這是一個被動句，翻譯時譯成主動句。who remained是限制性定語從句修飾主語those.謂語部分是were found fleeing down…。第二個who引導(dǎo)定語從句，它的先行詞是new settlers.介詞短語with fresh supplies作new settlers的定語。them指代those who remained.

參考譯文那年夏天，帶著給養(yǎng)剛剛到來的拓居者發(fā)現(xiàn)前期的幸存者們順著河流逃往英國，便勸說他們?nèi)级小?/p>

經(jīng)典例題222 By and large，the American diet continued to reflect a considerable reliance upon animal products，rather than on grains，which meant that a relatively large acreage was required to feed the American public.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是By and large，the American diet continued to…，rather than on grains，which meant that…。關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，其先行詞是上文的一整句。在這個從句中又包含一個由that引導(dǎo)的名詞從句作meant的賓語。by and large意為總之，總而言之。rather than意為而不是。

參考譯文總的說來，美國人的膳食仍大量依賴家畜產(chǎn)品而不依賴糧食，這就意味著需要比較大的土地面積來養(yǎng)活美國公眾。

經(jīng)典例題223 The purpose of this book is to place at the disposal of the design engineer who is facing these challenges a survey of the experience gained from the many and diverse applications of aerostatic bearings which have already been successfully accomplished.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是The purpose of this book is to place…a survey of the experience gained from…bearings which have…。關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾engineer.關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾bearings.句中的謂語動詞place和它的賓語a survey of the experience被介詞短語at the disposal of the design engineer who…分開。aerostatic bearings意為空氣靜壓軸承。at the disposal of somebody原意為由…支配，在此句中應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)譯為向…。diverse是形容詞，意為許多不同的。

參考譯文空氣靜壓軸承已經(jīng)研制成功，在許多方面的應(yīng)用中都取得了經(jīng)驗。本書的目的就是向面臨這些任務(wù)的設(shè)計工程師提供這些經(jīng)驗。

經(jīng)典例題224 The challenge we both face is to avoid forcing people to make a hard choice between a system at one extreme which provides equality but would perpetuate poverty and one at the other extreme which provides prosperity but would ignore poverty.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是The challenge…is to avoid forcing…at one extreme which provides…and…other extreme which provides…。we both face是省略了關(guān)系代詞that的定語從句，修飾主語the challenge.兩個關(guān)系代詞which均引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾extreme.one at the other extreme中的代詞one指a system.句中的between…and…被從句隔開。兩個含which的定語從句在此起到對比的作用。extreme在句中譯為極端。

參考譯文我們兩國面臨的共同挑戰(zhàn)是避免強迫人民在兩個極端之間作出困難的選擇：一種制度實現(xiàn)了平等，但會使貧窮長期繼續(xù)下去;另一種制度帶來了繁榮，卻會無視貧困。

經(jīng)典例題225 Many of China‘s aging singles are victims of the Cultural Revolution lasting to the1970s，when they were sent to the countryside to live among the peasants for re_education，andmade a career and settled down in the expanse of the country_side.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是Many of China‘s aging singles are victims of…the1970s，when they were sent to…andmade a career and settled down…?，F(xiàn)在分詞短語lasting to the1970s修飾the Cultural Revolution作定語。關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，修飾1970s.從句中包含一個主語they和三個謂語。expanse of意為寬廣的空間。

參考譯文多數(shù)大齡單身男女是延續(xù)至70年代的文化大革命的犧牲品。他們被送到農(nóng)村與農(nóng)民們一起生活，接受教育，在廣闊天地里扎根落戶。

經(jīng)典例題226 These new_age executives are likely to cause trouble in companies where longer_serving middle managers，who have done their time in a less_privileged environment，resent the concessions the recruits are winning.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是These new_age executives are likely to cause…companies where longer_serving middle managers，who have…，resent the concessions…。關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾先行詞companies.在這個從句中，謂語resent the concessions被由關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句隔開。the recruits are winning是一個省略了關(guān)系代詞that的定語從句，修飾concessions.concessions譯為特許權(quán)。the recruits譯為新手，新成員。

參考譯文這些新時代的管理人員很有可能在一些公司制造事端，因為在這些公司里，在特權(quán)現(xiàn)象較少的環(huán)境里，有較長工作年限的中等經(jīng)理對這些新成員所贏得的特許權(quán)深感不滿。

經(jīng)典例題227 Pantomime，for example，which originally began as a means of communicating ideas too profound or too difficult to express in verbal language，has since turned into a means of communication that cuts across many languages.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是Pantomime，…which originally began as…，has since turned into a means of communication that cuts…。這是一個含有關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的長主語。which從句中的too profound or too difficult to express in verbal language作定語，修飾ideas.相當于省略了that are.關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾communication.cut across在此句中譯為超越。

參考譯文例如啞劇最初只是用于交流那些太深奧或很難用語言表達的思想?，F(xiàn)在它已成為一種超越許多語言的交流手段。

經(jīng)典例題228 This is an elegant，antimagnetic，waterproof，shock_protected and heat_resistant watch which is made of stainless steel and high_precision fittings.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是This is an…watch which is made of…。這個句子中的中心名詞watch既有形容詞作前置定語，又有定語從句作后置定語。一般在翻譯時，將前置定語后置。

參考譯文這是一只不銹鋼和高精度配件制成的手表，它既美觀、又防磁、防水、抗震、耐熱。

經(jīng)典例題229 They send out pulses of sound waves，pitched at50，000cycles per second，far above the limits of the human ear，which can hear sounds up to frequencies of about20，000cycles per second.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是They send out pulses of…，far above…the human ear，which can hear sounds…。關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾human ear.過去分詞短語pitched at…和介詞短語far above…作sound waves的定語。they指代前文的蝙蝠。pitch原意為定基音，在此譯為發(fā)出。

參考譯文人類的耳朵僅能聽見最高頻率為20000赫茲的聲音，蝙蝠卻可以發(fā)送出大大超過這個限制的高達50000赫茲的聲波脈沖。

經(jīng)典例題230 Refugee laws，laid down in international treaties and adopted into national legal codes，acknowledge and spell out legal obligations toward people whose own governments are unwilling or unable to protect them.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是Refugee laws，laid down…，acknowledge and spell out…people whose own governments are…。關(guān)系代詞whose引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾people.過去分詞短語laid down…and adopted into…作定語，修飾主語refugee laws.lay down原意為放下，在此句中應(yīng)譯為確定，認定。spell out意為明白地解說。

參考譯文難民法是經(jīng)國際公約確定并已融入各國法律的，它對那些本國政府無意或無力提供保護的人承擔(dān)法律責(zé)任，并明確規(guī)定了這樣的法律責(zé)任。

經(jīng)典例題231 Article I of the GATT is the celebrated most favored nation(MFN)clause under which each member nation must give treatment to other member nation‘s imports and exports that is at least as favorable as that applied to the most favored nation.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是Article I of the GATT is…clause under which each member nation must give treatment…that is at least as favorable as that applied to…。介詞under+which引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾clause.在這個從句中又包含了由關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾treatment.先行詞treatment被短語to other member nation‘s imports and exports隔開。第二個that是指示代詞，指代treatment.過去分詞短語applied to the most favored nation作定語，修飾that.clause在此句中譯為條款。

參考譯文關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定的第一條是著名的最惠國(MFN)條款。按照該條款，每一個成員國給予其他成員國的進出口貨物的待遇至少應(yīng)和給予最惠國待遇一樣優(yōu)惠。

經(jīng)典例題232 On the other hand，the person who is really guilty and whose past experience has prepared him for such tests can distort the results by anticipating the crucial questions or deliberately giving exaggerated responses to neutral ones.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是On the other hand，the person who is…and whose past experience has…can distort the results by anticipating…or giving…。這是一個簡單復(fù)合句。句子的主語the person和謂語can distort the results被兩個并列的定語從句隔開，分別由關(guān)系代詞who和whose引導(dǎo)。介詞短語by anticipating…作狀語。代詞ones指代questions.

參考譯文另一方面，一個真正犯了罪的人由于過去的經(jīng)驗使他對這種測驗有所準備，或?qū)﹃P(guān)鍵問題早有所料，或?qū)χ行詥栴}故作夸大的反應(yīng)，他是能使測驗結(jié)果出現(xiàn)反?，F(xiàn)象的。

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（責(zé)任編輯：rhj）

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