一、總述
根據(jù)從句在句中擔(dān)任成分的不同,可將其分為名詞性從句、形容詞性從句和副詞性從句。
名詞性從句包括主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有:
單純連接詞:that, whether, if (此類連接詞在從句中不充當(dāng)句法成分)。
疑問(wèn)代詞:who, whoever, whichever, what, whatever (此類詞在名詞性從句中充當(dāng)一定的句法成分)。疑問(wèn)副詞:when, where, why, how (此類副詞在句中充當(dāng)句法成分)。
二、重點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)
1. 名詞性從句
名詞性從句包括主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)這些名詞性從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞包括:從屬連詞that 、if、whether ;連接代詞who 、whoever 、whom 、whomever 、which 、whichever 、what 、whatever 、whose ;連接副詞where 、when 、why 、how 。其中,從屬連詞只起連接作用,在從句中不充當(dāng)任何句法成分,而連接代詞和連接副詞則既起連接作用,又在從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分。例如:
That Owen should have married his cousin is not at all surprising.
The fact is that he didn’t go to the dinner party.
I don’t know if he will attend the meeting.
Have you heard the news that Mary is going to marry Tom?
A. 在含有主語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中,為保持句子平衡,常用it 作形式主語(yǔ),而將真正的主語(yǔ)從句放在句末。例如:It’s well-known that water is indispensable to life.
B. 為保持句子平衡,that 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句也常用it 代替,而將真正的賓語(yǔ)從句置于主句句末。這常常出現(xiàn)在主句有形容詞或分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的情況下。例如:
He made it quite clear that he preferred to live here.
C. 從屬連詞whether 和if 都作“是否……”解,但if 不可引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句。
whether 可與or (not) 連用,而if 不可以。例如:
I don’t know whether (if) she is at home. Whether she comes or not makes no difference.
D. that 和what 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的區(qū)別:that 在從句中不充當(dāng)成分,而what 在從句
中充當(dāng)一定的成分,如主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等。that 可省略,what 則不可省。例如:
He always means what he says. She suggested (that) he do it at once.
E. 同位語(yǔ)從句大多由從屬連詞that 引導(dǎo),常跟在下列名詞后面,如fact、idea 、opinion 、news 、hope 、belief 等。同位語(yǔ)從句一般用來(lái)解釋說(shuō)明這些名詞的具體含義和內(nèi)容。that 不可省略。例如:
We are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms.
The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging.
2. 定語(yǔ)從句
引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞包括:
(1) 關(guān)系代詞:that, which, whose, who, whom, as; (2) 關(guān)系副詞:when, where, why 。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在定語(yǔ)中都充當(dāng)一定的句法成分,關(guān)系代詞在從句中充當(dāng)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),一般可省去。
關(guān)系代詞的選用比較復(fù)雜,它受下列條件的制約:(1) 先行詞是指人還是指物;(2) 關(guān)系代詞在從句中的句法功能;(3) 定語(yǔ)從句是限定性的還是非限定性的。關(guān)系代詞的選用情況見(jiàn)下表:
例如:
I know that he is a man who (that) means what he says.
The gentleman whom (that) she met addressed her with courtesy ( 禮貌)。
The watch which (that) was lost has been found.
Here is the material which (that) you need.
You’re the only one whose advice he might listen to.
關(guān)系副詞的選用相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)比較簡(jiǎn)單。如先行詞為表示時(shí)間的名詞,如time 、day 等,則用when ,如先行詞為表示地點(diǎn)的名詞,如place 、house 、area 等,則用where ;如先行詞為reason,則用why 。例如:
I’ll never forget the mountain village where (in which) I spent my childhood.
I don’t know the reason why (for which) he did that.
A. 當(dāng)先行詞是all、something, nothing 等不定代詞時(shí);或先行詞前有first、last 、only、few、much 、some 、any、no 等詞修飾時(shí);或先行詞前有形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí),一般只用that 而不用which 來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。例如:
I’ve explained everything (that) I can to you.
This is the most beautiful campus (that) I’ve ever been to.
B. 定語(yǔ)從句分為限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句,限定性定語(yǔ)從句與主句關(guān)系緊密,是句中不可缺少部分,如去掉,主句意思不完整。非限定性定語(yǔ)從句與主句關(guān)系松散,如去掉,主句內(nèi)容仍完整。在書面語(yǔ)中,非限定性定語(yǔ)從句一般被逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。非限定性定語(yǔ)從句一般不用that 引導(dǎo)。引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞不可省略。例如:
His speech, which bored everyone, went on and on.
The general’s daughter, whose name is Ann, gave me a sweet smile.
C. 先行詞也可以是整個(gè)句子。這時(shí),一般用which 或as 來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。which 在從句中可充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等,as 在從句中一般只充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)。which 與as 引導(dǎo)此類定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別在于:which 只能置于句中或句末,而as 的位置比較靈活,可置于句中、句末,又可置于句首。例如:
Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, which (as) is known to all.
He was awarded a gold medal, which the whole family considered a great honor.
As had been expected, he finished first in decathlon (十項(xiàng)全能) at that Olympic Games.
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