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Fighting Drug Resistance in Malaria, TB and HIV/AIDS

Anti-microbial resistance -- germs becoming resistant to medicine -- is part of the natural history of infectious disease. No drug can kill every single harmful microbe. A few bugs inside a sick person always survive. Over time, these resistant microbes may come to predominate, rendering formerly effective medicines useless. In Uganda, as in other African countries, the fight against disease is a race against drug resistance.

Sister Florence Nawanga is an herbalist at a convent near Entebbe in south-central Uganda. For the last few years, she's been cultivating a herb that's native to China, but that might hold the key to defeating malaria in Africa, too. “This is the plant,” she says, pointing to a small fern-like plant she’s seeded in the bush near the convent.

It's called "sweet wormwood," or Artemesia annua, and the drug derived from it, artemisinin, is the key ingredient of what is currently the most effective anti-malarial medicine. It came into use just as older anti-malarials such as chloroquine and quinine began to fail.

Malaria caused by a mosquito-borne parasite, kills more than one million Africans each year, most of them young children. Almost everyone in Uganda has had it at one time or another, especially those who can't afford an insecticide-treated mosquito net, a category that includes most Ugandans.

In the Kampala slum of Katanga, a grandmother cares for 11 children without a single mosquito net, administering the older, less effective anti-malaria drugs to the baby. Last week, she says, the medicine failed to save the youngest child in her care.

Malaria, AIDS/HIV, tuberculosis and poverty reinforce each other in Africa, making each more deadly. Doctors say that malarial fevers in an HIV-infected person are likely to bring on full-blown AIDS, and that most African AIDS patients actually succumb to tuberculosis. The AIDS virus, too, is becoming resistant to less costly, first-line anti-retroviral drugs. And doctors note that in all three illnesses, poor people are less likely to complete drug therapies, a major cause of drug resistance.

“Because the patient is interrupted in taking the drugs, the bug recovers,” says Dr. Martin Okot-Nwang, who is the head of tuberculosis treatment at Mulago Hospital in Kampala. “And when it recovers, it's definitely not going to be the same bug."

31.What can we learn from Paragraph 1

A.A good drug can kill all harmful microbe.

B.The surviving microbes get very weak and will die soon after.

C.In Uganda, the fight against disease is a race against drug resistance.

D.Uganda is a European country

正確答案:C

解析:問題問的是：從第一段能夠了解到什么？第一段最后一句提到了在烏干達，與疾病的斗爭就是與病毒抗藥性的競賽

32.The herb Sister Florence Nawanga is cultivating

A.is native in Cuba.

B.is a small fern-like plant.

C.is planted in a small pond.

D.will definitely defeat malaria in Africa

正確答案:B

解析:問題問的是：關(guān)于佛羅倫斯修女種的草藥的說法哪個正確？第二段結(jié)尾提到了這種草藥是一種類似蕨類的小植物。A產(chǎn)自古巴；C種植在池塘里；D一定會擊敗瘧疾都不準確

33.What is the relationship between artemisinin and quinine

A.Quinine is a very effective medicine to kill artemisinin.

B.Artemisinin can eradicate quinine effectively.

C.They must be used together to kill malaria.

D.Artemisinin is the substitute for quinine because the latter began to fail

正確答案:D

解析:問題問的是：青蒿素和奎寧是什么關(guān)系？第三段提到奎寧開始失去療效時，青蒿素開始應(yīng)用。因此D青蒿素是奎寧的替代品正確

34.In the Kampala slum of Katanga, a grandmother

A.has only one mosquito net.

B.had 12 children before last week.

C.is using the older but effective anti-malaria drugs on the baby.

D.lost a baby last week because she didn’t give her medicine in time

正確答案:B

解析:問題問的是：在坎帕拉的貧民窟，一個老奶奶怎么了？第五段提到老奶奶現(xiàn)在有11個孩子，該段結(jié)尾說上周剛剛死了最小的孩子，由此推斷她本來有12個孩子

35.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage

A.People who have mosquito nets are in lower risk of catching malaria than those who don’t.

B.One major cause of drug resistance is that poor people tend to suspend their therapies before the viruses are completely gone.

C.The bug that recovers can easily be killed with the same medicine.

D.The three major diseases sometimes cooperate to make themselves more deadly

正確答案:C

解析:問題問的是：以下哪個觀點是錯誤的？文章的最后一段提到了沒有被殺死的病毒就不在是原來的病毒，并會產(chǎn)生抗藥性。因此再用同一種藥物很難殺死。與該題說法矛盾

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