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Some things we know about language

Many things about language are a mystery, and many will always remain so．But some things we do know．

First, we know that all human beings have a language of some sort．There is no race of men anywhere on earth so backward that it has no language, no set of speech sounds by which the people communicate with one mother．Furthermore, in historical times, there has never been a race of men without a language．

Second, there is no such thing as a primitive language．There are many people whose cultures are undeveloped, who are, as we say, uncivilized. but the languages they speak are not primitive．In all known 1anguages we can see complexities that must have been tens of thousands of years in developing．

This has not always been well understood；indeed, the direct contrary has often been stated． Popular ideas of the 1anguage of the American Indians will illustrate．Many people have supposed that the Indians communicated in a very primitive system of noises．Study has proved this to be nonsense．There are, or were, hundreds of American Indian languages, and a11 of them rum out to be very complicated and very old. They are certainly different from the languages that most of us are familiar with, but they are no more primitive than English and Greek．

A third thing we know about language is that all languages are perfectly adequate．That is, each one is a perfect means of expressing the culture of the people who speak the language．

Finally, we know that language changes．It is natural and normal for language to change； the only languages which do not change are the dead ones．This is easy to understand if we look backward in time．Change goes on in all aspects of language．Grammatical features change as do speech sounds, and changes in vocabulary are sometimes very extensive and may occur very rapidly．Vocabulary is the least stable part of any language.

詞匯：

race 種族 complexity 復(fù)雜性的，復(fù)雜現(xiàn)象

primitive 原始的 nonsense 胡說，沒有根據(jù)的話

uncivilized 不開化的，落后的 extensive 廣泛的

vocabulary 詞匯

注釋：

1.must have （been） done：must+動(dòng)詞的完成式，表示對過去發(fā)生的事情的猜測。

2.the direct contrary：完全相反（的觀點(diǎn)，看法）

3.turn out：結(jié)果是，原來是

4.no more…than…：同……一樣不……

5.the least stable part of any language：任何語言中最不穩(wěn)定地部分。

練習(xí)：

1.In the second paragraph the author thinks that

A)some backward race doesn't have a language of its own．

B)some race in history didn't possess a language of its own．

C)any human race, whether backward or not, has a language．

D)some races on earth call communicate without language．

2.According to the author, people of undeveloped cultures can have languages．

A)complicated

B)uncivilized

C)primitive

D)well-known

3.The author has used American Indian languages as all example to show that they are

A)just as old as some well-known languages．

B)just as sophisticated as some well-known languages．

C)more developed than some well-known languages．

D)more complex than some well-known languages．

4.Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

A)A language is a means of expressing a particular culture．

B)AU languages Can well express their respective cultures．

C)American Indian languages are as sophisticated as English．

D)Some languages are better than other languages．

5.According to the author, language changes are most likely to occur in

A)grammar．

B)pronunciation．

C)vocabulary．

D)intonation．

答案與題解：

1．C作者在第二段中認(rèn)為, 任何人種不管落后與否都有語言. 文中的原句是：There is no race of men anywhere on earth so backward that it has no language…

2．A此題的答案來自第三段."There are, or were, hundreds of American Indian languages, and all of them run out to be very complicated and very old. They are certainly different from the languages that most of us are familiar with, but they are no more primitive than English and Greek．"

3．B 作者例舉美國印第安人的語言的目的是證明這些語言和一些著名的語言一樣先進(jìn).原句是：They are certainly different from the languages that most of US are familiar with, but they are no more primitive than English and Greek．

4．D D項(xiàng)的說法是錯(cuò)誤的, 因?yàn)樽髡咴谖恼轮械挠^點(diǎn)是不同的語言沒有好與壞的差別. 原句參照題解3.

5．C 詞匯是語言中最容易發(fā)生變化的部分.文中的原句是：Vocabulary is the least stable part of any language．

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